The V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) Communications Ecosystem: 2019 - 2030 - Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts

 Table of Contents

	Chapter 1: Introduction	44
1.1	Executive Summary	44
1.2	Topics Covered	46
1.3	Forecast Segmentation	48
1.4	Key Questions Answered	50
1.5	Key Findings	52
1.6	Methodology	54
1.7	Target Audience	55
1.8	Companies & Organizations Mentioned	56
		
	Chapter 2: An Overview of V2X Communications	62
2.1	What is V2X Communications?	62
2.2	Key Characteristics of V2X Communications	63
2.2.1	Types of V2X Communications	63
2.2.1.1	V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle)	64
2.2.1.2	V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure)	64
2.2.1.3	V2P/V2D (Vehicle-to-Pedestrian/Device)	64
2.2.1.4	V2M (Vehicle-to-Motorcycle)	65
2.2.1.5	V2N (Vehicle-to-Network)	65
2.2.1.6	V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid), V2H (Vehicle-to-Home) & Adjacent-Concepts	65
2.2.2	Transmission Modes	66
2.2.2.1	Direct	66
2.2.2.2	Multi-Hop	66
2.2.2.3	Network-Assisted	66
2.2.3	V2X Message Sets & Service Capabilities	66
2.2.3.1	Periodic Awareness: CAM (Cooperative Awareness Message)/BSM (Basic Safety Message) Part 1	67
2.2.3.2	Event Triggered Safety Alerts: DENM (Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages)/BSM Part 2	67
2.2.3.3	CPM (Collective Perception Message)	68
2.2.3.4	MCM (Maneuver Coordination Message)	68
2.2.3.5	SPaT (Signal Phase & Timing)	68
2.2.3.6	MAP (Map Data Message)	68
2.2.3.7	GNSS Correction	69
2.2.3.8	SSM/SRM (Signal Status & Request Messages)	69
2.2.3.9	PSM (Personal Safety Message)	69
2.2.3.10	IVIM (Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Information Message), TIM/RSM (Traveler Information/Road Safety Message)	69
2.2.3.11	BIM (Basic Information/Infrastructure Message)	70
2.2.3.12	MCDM (Multimedia Content Dissemination Message)	70
2.2.3.13	Video & Sensor Information Exchange	70
2.2.3.14	Standard Voice & Data Services	70
2.2.3.15	PVD (Probe Vehicle Data)	71
2.2.3.16	PDM (Probe Data Management)	71
2.2.3.17	Other V2X-Specific Message Types	71
2.3	Wireless Technologies for V2X Communications	73
2.3.1	IEEE 802.11p/DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)	73
2.3.2	C-V2X (Cellular V2X)	75
2.4	V2X Architecture & Key Elements	76
2.4.1	Vehicular OBUs (On-Board Units)	76
2.4.2	Non-Vehicular V2X-Capable Devices	77
2.4.3	RSUs (Roadside Units)	77
2.4.4	V2X Applications	78
2.4.4.1	V2X Application Software	78
2.4.4.2	V2X Middleware & Application Server	78
2.4.5	V2X Control Function & Cellular Network-Specific Elements	79
2.4.6	V2X Security Subsystem	80
2.5	Key Applications Areas	80
2.5.1	Road Safety	80
2.5.2	Traffic Management & Optimization	80
2.5.3	Navigation & Traveler/Driver Information	81
2.5.4	Transit & Public Transport	81
2.5.5	Commercial Vehicle Operations	81
2.5.6	Emergency Services & Public Safety	82
2.5.7	Environmental Sustainability	82
2.5.8	Road Weather Management	82
2.5.9	Autonomous Driving & Advanced Applications	82
2.5.10	Value-Added Services	83
2.6	V2X Business Models	83
2.6.1	B2C (Business-to-Consumer): Premium Charge for Non-Safety Critical Applications	83
2.6.2	B2B (Business-to-Business): V2X Capabilities for Enterprise Vehicle Fleets, Road Operators & Transportation Agencies	84
2.6.3	B2B2X (Business-to-Business-to-Consumer/Business): Monetization Through Intermediaries	84
2.7	Market Drivers	85
2.7.1	Safety: Towards a Zero-Accident Environment	85
2.7.2	Traffic Efficiency: Minimizing Congestion & Streamlining Traffic Flow	85
2.7.3	Lessening the Environmental Impact of Transportation	86
2.7.4	Facilitating the Adoption of Smart Mobility Applications	86
2.7.5	Enabling Autonomous & Convenient Driving	86
2.7.6	Economic & Societal Benefits	88
2.7.7	Government-Led Efforts to Encourage V2X Adoption	88
2.7.8	Maturation of Enabling Wireless Technologies	88
2.8	Market Barriers	89
2.8.1	Lack of Critical Mass of V2X Equipped Vehicles	89
2.8.2	V2X Mandate Delays & Regulatory Uncertainties	89
2.8.3	The IEEE 802.11p vs. C-V2X Debate	89
2.8.4	Spectrum Sharing & Harmonization	90
2.8.5	Security & Privacy Concerns	90
2.8.6	Technical Complexity of Implementation	91
2.8.7	Business Model Challenges	91
2.8.8	Public Acceptance	91
		
	Chapter 3: Key Enabling Technologies for V2X Communications	92
3.1	Legacy DSRC/ITS Technologies	92
3.1.1	CEN DSRC/MDR-DSRC/TTT-DSRC	92
3.1.2	915 MHz/UHF RFID	93
3.1.3	Active DSRC Systems	93
3.1.4	HDR DSRC	93
3.1.5	ITS Spot/ETC 2.0	94
3.1.6	VICS (Vehicle Information and Communications System)	94
3.2	IEEE 802.11p-Based DSRC Systems	95
3.2.1	WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment)	95
3.2.2	ITS-G5/C-ITS	96
3.2.3	ITS Connect/ARIB STD-T109	97
3.2.4	Other Variants	98
3.3	C-V2X Technology	99
3.3.1	LTE-V2X	100
3.3.2	5G NR-V2X	100
3.3.3	Interfaces for C-V2X Communications	101
3.3.3.1	PC5/Sidelink for Direct V2V, V2I & V2P Communications	101
3.3.3.1.1	Network-Coordinated Scheduling: PC5/Sidelink Transmission Mode 3	102
3.3.3.1.2	Distributed Scheduling: PC5/Sidelink Transmission Mode 4	103
3.3.3.2	LTE/NR-Uu for V2N Communications	103
3.4	Other Wireless Technologies	104
3.5	Complementary Technologies & Concepts	105
3.5.1	On-Board Sensors & ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems)	105
3.5.1.1	Sensing Capabilities for Safety & Awareness	105
3.5.1.2	Enabling Sophisticated ADAS Applications	105
3.5.2	Vehicle Safety Systems	106
3.5.2.1	Active Safety Systems	106
3.5.2.2	Passive Safety & Countermeasures	106
3.5.3	Other In-Vehicle Systems	106
3.5.3.1	HMI (Human Machine Interface)/Display Systems	106
3.5.3.2	Augmented Reality & HUDs (Head-Up-Displays)	106
3.5.4	GNSS & Precise Positioning	107
3.5.4.1	Enabling Lane-Level Accuracy for V2X Applications	107
3.5.5	Big Data & Advanced Analytics	108
3.5.5.1	Streaming & Processing Massive Volumes of V2X-Generated Data	108
3.5.5.2	The Significance of Advanced Analytics	108
3.5.6	Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning	109
3.5.6.1	Self-Learning for Complex V2X Applications	109
3.5.6.2	Powering Fully-Autonomous Vehicles	110
3.5.7	Cloud Computing	110
3.5.7.1	Centralized Processing for Delay-Tolerant & Wide-Area Applications	111
3.5.8	Edge Computing	111
3.5.8.1	Delivering Localized Processing Power for Latency-Sensitive V2X Applications	111
3.5.9	Network Slicing	111
3.5.9.1	Flexible Allocation of C-V2X Resources over Mobile Networks	113
		
	Chapter 4: V2X Application Scenarios & Use Cases	114
4.1	Road Safety Applications	114
4.1.1	V2V Safety Applications	114
4.1.1.1	Longitudinal Collision Risk Warning	114
4.1.1.1.1	Forward Collision Warning	114
4.1.1.1.2	Frontal/Head-On Collision Warning	115
4.1.1.2	Side Collision Risk Warning	115
4.1.1.3	Intersection Collision Risk Warning	115
4.1.1.4	Emergency Electronic Brake Lights	116
4.1.1.5	Intersection Movement Assistance	116
4.1.1.6	Intersection Priority Management	116
4.1.1.7	Blind Spot Warning	117
4.1.1.8	Lane Change Assistance	117
4.1.1.9	Highway Merge Assistance	117
4.1.1.10	Do Not Pass Warning	118
4.1.1.11	Left/Right Turn Assistance	118
4.1.1.12	Pre-Crash Sensing & Mitigation	118
4.1.1.13	Post-Crash Warning	118
4.1.1.14	Queue Warning	119
4.1.1.15	Slow or Stationary Vehicle Warning	119
4.1.1.16	Vehicle Breakdown Warning	119
4.1.1.17	Control Loss Warning	120
4.1.1.18	Safety System Malfunction Warning	120
4.1.1.19	Wrong Way Driving Warning	120
4.1.1.20	Drowsy or Distracted Driver Warning	120
4.1.1.21	Overtaking Vehicle Warning	121
4.1.1.22	Tailgating Advisory	121
4.1.1.23	Transit Vehicle at Station/Stop Warnings	121
4.1.1.24	Vehicle Turning in Front of a Transit Vehicle Warning	121
4.1.1.25	V2V Situational Awareness	121
4.1.1.26	Decentralized Floating Vehicle Data	122
4.1.1.27	V2V Road Condition & Feature Notification	122
4.1.1.28	V2V Hazardous Location Alert	122
4.1.1.29	Cooperative Glare Reduction	123
4.1.1.30	Virtual Tow	123
4.1.2	V2I Safety Applications	123
4.1.2.1	In-Vehicle Signage, Speed Limits & Safety Information	123
4.1.2.2	Infrastructure-Assisted Collision Risk Warning	124
4.1.2.3	V2I-Based Emergency Brake Alert	124
4.1.2.4	Public Transport & Emergency Vehicle Prioritization	124
4.1.2.5	Intersection Safety & Management	124
4.1.2.6	Red Light Violation Warning	125
4.1.2.7	Railroad Crossing Violation Warning	125
4.1.2.8	Stop Sign Violation Warning	126
4.1.2.9	Stop Sign Movement Assistance	126
4.1.2.10	Blind Merge Warning	126
4.1.2.11	Exit Ramp Deceleration Warning	126
4.1.2.12	Wrong Way Entry Warning	127
4.1.2.13	Work Zone Warning	127
4.1.2.14	Curve Speed Warning	127
4.1.2.15	Reduced Speed Zone Warning	128
4.1.2.16	Lane Closure or Shift Warning	128
4.1.2.17	Restricted Lane Warnings	128
4.1.2.18	Oversize Vehicle Warning	128
4.1.2.19	Low Bridge Warning	129
4.1.2.20	Low Parking Structure Warning	129
4.1.2.21	V2I Situational Awareness	129
4.1.2.22	V2I Road Condition & Feature Notification	129
4.1.2.23	V2I Hazardous & Accident Prone Location Alert	130
4.1.2.24	Dynamic Roadside Lighting	130
4.1.2.25	Adaptive Headlamp Aiming	130
4.1.3	V2P/V2D, V2M & Other Safety Applications	130
4.1.3.1	Pedestrian, Cyclist & Other VRU (Vulnerable Road User) Detection	130
4.1.3.2	VRU Collision Warning	131
4.1.3.3	Pedestrian in Signalized Crosswalk Warning	131
4.1.3.4	Mobile Accessible Pedestrian Signal System	131
4.1.3.5	Transit Pedestrian Indication	132
4.1.3.6	Work Zone Safety Alerts for Maintenance Personnel	132
4.1.3.7	Animal Crossing Warning	132
4.1.3.8	Motorcycle Approach Indication	133
4.1.3.9	Motorcycle Approach Warning	133
4.1.3.10	Slow or Stationary Vehicle Warning for Motorcyclists	134
4.2	Traffic Management & Optimization Applications	134
4.2.1	Traffic Light Optimal Speed Advisory	134
4.2.2	Intelligent Traffic Signal Control	134
4.2.3	Intelligent On-Ramp Metering	135
4.2.4	Traffic Signal Priority for Designated Vehicles	135
4.2.5	V2N-Based Traffic Flow Optimization	135
4.2.6	Adaptive Traffic Jam Avoidance	136
4.2.7	Dynamic Speed Harmonization	136
4.2.8	CACC (Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control)	136
4.2.9	Flexible Lane Allocation & Control	137
4.2.10	ETC (Electronic Toll Collection)/Free-Flow Road Use Charging	137
4.2.11	Zone Access Control for Urban Areas	137
4.2.12	Road & Infrastructure Deterioration Diagnosis	138
4.2.13	Probe Vehicle Data	138
4.2.13.1	Traffic Operations	138
4.2.13.2	Road Network Monitoring, Maintenance & Planning	139
4.2.13.3	Other Transport Agency Applications	139
4.3	Navigation & Traveler/Driver Information Applications	139
4.3.1	Traffic Information & Recommended Itinerary	139
4.3.2	Enhanced Route Guidance and Navigation	140
4.3.3	V2X-Assisted Positioning	140
4.3.4	Point of Interest Notification	140
4.3.5	Fueling Information for Conventional, Electric & Alternative Fuel Vehicles	140
4.3.6	Limited Access Warning & Detour Notification	141
4.3.7	Work Zone Traveler Information	141
4.3.8	Enhanced ATIS (Advanced Traveler Information Systems)	141
4.3.9	Alternative Multi-Modal Transport Information	142
4.3.10	Smart Parking	142
4.3.11	Smart Park & Ride	142
4.4	Transit & Public Transport Applications	143
4.4.1	Dynamic Public Transport Operations	143
4.4.1.1	Real-Time Trip Requests	143
4.4.1.2	Demand-Responsive Scheduling, Dispatching & Routing	143
4.4.2	Transit Signal Priority	144
4.4.3	Intermittent Bus Lanes	144
4.4.4	Protection of Transit Connections	144
4.4.5	Transit Stop Request	145
4.4.6	Enhanced ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) Service	145
4.4.7	Real-Time Ridesharing	145
4.4.8	Queue Management for Taxi Services	145
4.4.9	Route Guidance for the Visually Impaired	146
4.4.10	Mobile Payments for Public Transport	146
4.5	Commercial Vehicle Fleet & Roadside Applications	146
4.5.1	V2I-Based Data Collection for Fleet Management	146
4.5.2	Hazardous Material Cargo Tracking	147
4.5.3	Electronic Work Diaries	147
4.5.4	Freight-Specific Travel Information & Dynamic Routing	147
4.5.5	Drayage Operations Optimization	148
4.5.6	Container/Chassis Security & Operational Monitoring	148
4.5.7	Freight Signal Priority	148
4.5.8	Loading Zone Management	149
4.5.9	Smart Roadside Applications for Commercial Vehicles	149
4.5.10	Wireless Roadside Inspections	149
4.5.11	Smart Truck Parking	150
4.5.12	Intelligent Speed Compliance	150
4.5.13	Heavy Vehicle Road Use Monitoring	150
4.6	Emergency Services & Public Safety Applications	151
4.6.1	Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning	151
4.6.2	Emergency Vehicle Preemption	151
4.6.3	Emergency Incident Traffic Management	152
4.6.3.1	Incident Scene Pre-Arrival Staging Guidance for Emergency Responders	152
4.6.3.2	Incident Scene Work Zone Alerts for Drivers & Workers	152
4.6.3.3	Emergency Communications & Evacuation	152
4.6.4	Vehicle-Associated Information Sharing for Emergency Response	153
4.6.5	Automatic SOS/Crash Notification Relay	153
4.6.6	Wide-Area Emergency Alerts	153
4.6.7	Disaster-Related Traveler Information Broadcast	154
4.6.8	Stolen Vehicle Notification & Tracking	154
4.6.9	V2X-Assisted Border Management Systems	154
4.7	Environmental Sustainability Applications	155
4.7.1	Eco-Traffic Signal Timing	155
4.7.2	Eco-Traffic Signal Priority	155
4.7.3	Eco-Approach and Departure at Signalized Intersections	155
4.7.4	Eco-Speed Harmonization	156
4.7.5	Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control	156
4.7.6	Eco-Ramp Metering	156
4.7.7	Eco-Lanes Management	156
4.7.8	Low Emissions Zone Management	157
4.7.9	Dynamic Emissions Pricing	157
4.7.10	Connected Eco-Driving	157
4.7.11	Eco-Traveler Information Dissemination	158
4.7.12	Predictive Eco-Routing	158
4.7.13	Eco-Integrated Corridor Management	158
4.7.14	Road Environment Monitoring	158
4.8	Road Weather Management Applications	159
4.8.1	V2X-Assisted Road Weather Performance Management	159
4.8.2	Real-Time Alerts and Advisories	159
4.8.3	Spot Weather Impact Warning	159
4.8.4	Road Weather Information for Commercial & Emergency Response Vehicles	160
4.8.5	Weather Responsive Traffic Management	160
4.8.6	Enhanced MDSS (Maintenance Decision Support Systems)	161
4.8.7	Monitoring of Road Maintenance Vehicles & Operations	161
4.9	Value Added Services	161
4.9.1	Electronic "Drive-Thru" Payments	161
4.9.2	Wireless Advertising	162
4.9.3	Automatic Vehicle-Based Access Control	162
4.9.4	V2V Instant Messaging	162
4.9.5	V2I & V2V-Assisted Internet Connectivity	162
4.9.6	Media/Map Downloads	163
4.9.7	Vehicle Software Provisioning & Updates	163
4.9.8	Personal Data Synchronization	163
4.9.9	Vehicle Caravan Organization	164
4.9.10	Remote Diagnostics & Maintenance	164
4.9.11	Rental Car Processing	164
4.9.12	Insurance & Financial Services	164
4.9.13	Electric Charging Station Management	165
4.9.14	Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging	165
4.9.15	Other Applications	165
4.10	Autonomous Driving & Advanced Applications	166
4.10.1	Semi & Fully-Autonomous Driving	166
4.10.2	Cooperative Automated Maneuvering	167
4.10.3	Vehicle Platooning	167
4.10.4	Coordinated Signaling for Autonomous Vehicles & Platoons	168
4.10.5	Real-Time HD Mapping & Autonomous Navigation	168
4.10.6	Extended Sensors for Situational Awareness	169
4.10.7	See-Through Visibility	169
4.10.8	Remote/Tele-Operated Driving	170
4.10.9	Precision Positioning-Assisted Vulnerable Road User Protection	170
4.10.10	Data Uploads for Autonomous Driving Algorithm Tuning	171
4.10.11	Connected Powertrain Optimization	172
		
	Chapter 5: V2X Deployment Case Studies	174
5.1	AACVTE (Ann Arbor Connected Vehicle Test Environment): Setting a Standard for the Nationwide Implementation of V2X	174
5.1.1	Historical Roots: SPMD (Safety Pilot Model Deployment)	174
5.1.2	Transition from a Model Deployment to an Operational V2X Environment	174
5.1.3	AACVTE Deployment Status	175
5.1.4	Supported V2X Applications	176
5.1.5	Key Achievements & Future Plans	176
5.2	AURORA Connected Vehicle Test Bed: Promoting Safe, Smart Transportation Through V2X	177
5.2.1	Supporting Efforts for Safe, Smart Transportation in British Columbia & Canada	177
5.2.2	AURORA Test Bed Overview	177
5.2.3	Supported V2X Applications	178
5.2.4	Future Research Ventures	178
5.3	BMW Group: Pushing C-V2X Adoption Worldwide	179
5.3.1	Commitment to C-V2X Technology	179
5.3.2	Efforts to Urge the Adoption of Technology-Neutral Legislation for V2X Communications	179
5.3.3	V2X Engagements in Europe & Abroad	180
5.3.4	Supported V2X Applications	180
5.3.5	Commercial Rollout Plans	181
5.4	CDOT's (Colorado Department of Transportation) RoadX: Building Colorado’s IoR (Internet of Roads) with V2X	182
5.4.1	RoadX "Connection" Action Area: V2X Development Program	182
5.4.2	V2X Deployment Status	182
5.4.3	Supported V2X Applications	184
5.4.4	Future Plans for Full-Scale Deployment	184
5.5	City of Wuxi's LTE-V2X Project: Deploying China's First City-Level V2X Implementation	185
5.5.1	Establishing a City-Level LTE-V2X Demonstration Area	185
5.5.2	V2X Deployment Status	185
5.5.3	Supported V2X Applications	186
5.5.4	Next Steps & Plans for Full-Scale Adoption	186
5.6	Daimler: Leveraging Cellular Technology for V2X Applications	187
5.6.1	Daimler's Position on IEEE 802.11p and C-V2X Technologies	187
5.6.2	Car-to-X Communication via Cellular Radio	187
5.6.3	V2X Engagements Worldwide	188
5.6.4	Supported V2X Applications	189
5.6.5	Commercial Rollout Plans	189
5.7	Ford Motor Company: Fast Tracking C-V2X Technology into Vehicles	190
5.7.1	Validating C-V2X Technology in Ford Vehicles	190
5.7.2	V2X Engagements Worldwide	190
5.7.2.1	United States	190
5.7.2.2	Europe	191
5.7.2.3	China	191
5.7.3	Supported V2X Applications	191
5.7.4	Commercial Rollout Plans	192
5.8	GM (General Motors): Commercializing the World's First 5.9 GHz V2X-Equipped Vehicles	193
5.8.1	Rolling Out Production-Ready Vehicle Models with V2X Capabilities in North America	193
5.8.2	Key Applications Supported by GM's V2X System	193
5.8.2.1	V2V Applications	194
5.8.2.2	Planned Support for V2I, V2P & Other Applications	194
5.8.3	V2X-Equipped Vehicle Models	195
5.8.4	Prospects of Commercializing V2X in Other Markets	195
5.9	Groupe PSA: Pursuing Both IEEE 802.11p & C-V2X Technologies	196
5.9.1	Technology-Neutral Approach Towards V2X	196
5.9.2	V2X Engagements Worldwide	196
5.9.2.1	IEEE 802.11p	196
5.9.2.2	C-V2X	197
5.9.3	Supported V2X Applications	197
5.9.4	Commercial Rollout Plans	198
5.10	Groupe Renault: Testing V2X Connectivity Under Real-Life Traffic Conditions	199
5.10.1	Support for ITS-G5/IEEE 802.11p	199
5.10.2	SCOOP@F Project & Other V2X Engagements	199
5.10.3	Supported V2X Applications	200
5.10.4	Commercial Rollout Plans	200
5.11	HKT/PCCW: Utilizing V2X to Empower Smart & Safe Mobility in Hong Kong	201
5.11.1	Smart Mobility Consortium: Building a C-V2X Powered Smart & Safe Mobility System	201
5.11.2	Initial Field Trials & Demonstrations	201
5.11.3	Supported V2X Applications	203
5.11.4	Future Plans for the Rollout of C-V2X Technology	203
5.12	InterCor (Interoperable Corridors): Streamlining the Implementation of Cross Border & Interoperable V2X Services	204
5.12.1	Delivering Interoperable V2X Services Through a Sustainable Network of European C-ITS Corridors	204
5.12.2	Relationship with the C-Roads Platform	205
5.12.3	V2X Deployment Overview	205
5.12.3.1	Dutch Section of the C-ITS Corridor (Netherlands-Germany-Austria)	205
5.12.3.2	SCOOP@F: French Corridor	206
5.12.3.3	United Kingdom's A2M2 Connected Corridor	206
5.12.3.4	Belgium/Flanders C-ITS Initiative	206
5.12.4	Supported V2X Applications	207
5.12.5	Testfests to Validate Common Specifications	207
5.12.5.1	ITS-G5 Services	207
5.12.5.2	GLOSA (Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory) Pre-Testfest	208
5.12.5.3	PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) Security	208
5.12.5.4	Hybrid ITS-G5/Cellular Communications	208
5.12.5.5	Cross-Border Interoperability	208
5.12.6	Next Steps: Project Completion, Harmonized V2X Specifications & Testing of Advanced V2X Applications	209
5.13	Ipswich Connected Vehicle Pilot: Laying the Technical Foundations for V2X Rollouts in Australia	210
5.13.1	Preparing for the Arrival of V2X on Queensland Roads	210
5.13.2	Pilot Planning & Deployment Status	210
5.13.3	Supported V2X Applications	211
5.13.4	Plans for On-Road Testing & Next Steps	211
5.14	JLR (Jaguar Land Rover): Making Journeys Safe, Comfortable & Stress-Free with V2X	212
5.14.1	Enhancing ADAS Capabilities with V2X for Safe & Comfortable Driving	212
5.14.2	V2X Engagements in the United Kingdom	212
5.14.3	Supported V2X Applications	214
5.14.4	Commercial Rollout Plans	214
5.15	NTT DoCoMo: Leading the Path Towards Connected Cars & Roads of the Future with V2X	215
5.15.1	Developing C-V2X Technology to Support Future Mobility Use Cases	215
5.15.2	Initial Field Trials & Demonstrations	215
5.15.3	Supported V2X Applications	216
5.15.4	Future Plans for the Rollout of C-V2X Technology	217
5.16	SAIC Motor Corporation: Powering Intelligent Connected Vehicles with V2X	218
5.16.1	Advancing the Development of V2X to Facilitate Intelligent Driving	218
5.16.2	V2X Engagements in China	218
5.16.3	Supported V2X Applications	220
5.16.4	Commercial Rollout Plans	220
5.17	Telstra: Making Australia's Roads Safe, More Efficient & Better-Prepared for Autonomous Driving with V2X	221
5.17.1	Telstra's V2X Project: Focus on Safety, Traffic Efficiency & Autonomous Driving	221
5.17.2	Initial Field Trials & Demonstrations	221
5.17.3	Supported V2X Applications	222
5.17.4	Future Plans for the Rollout of C-V2X Technology	222
5.18	Toyota Motor Corporation: Bringing V2X to Mass-Market Vehicle Models	223
5.18.1	ITS Connect: Commercializing the World's First DSRC-Based V2X System in Japan	223
5.18.2	Key Applications Supported by the ITS Connect System	223
5.18.2.1	V2V Applications	223
5.18.2.2	V2I Applications	225
5.18.2.3	Planned Support for V2P & Other Applications	226
5.18.3	V2X-Equipped Vehicle Models & RSU Installation in Japan	226
5.18.4	Future Plans to Introduce V2X-Equipped Vehicles in the United States & Other Countries	226
5.19	USDOT Connected Vehicle Pilots: Helping V2X Make the Final Leap into Real-World Deployment	228
5.19.1	NYC DOT (New York City Department of Transportation) Connected Vehicle Pilot	228
5.19.1.1	Pilot Deployment Overview	229
5.19.1.2	Supported V2X Applications	229
5.19.1.3	Current Status of the Pilot Deployment	230
5.19.2	THEA (Tampa-Hillsborough Expressway Authority) Connected Vehicle Pilot	230
5.19.2.1	Pilot Deployment Overview	230
5.19.2.2	Supported V2X Applications	230
5.19.2.3	Current Status of the Pilot Deployment	231
5.19.3	WYDOT (Wyoming Department of Transport) Connected Vehicle Pilot	231
5.19.3.1	Pilot Deployment Overview	232
5.19.3.2	Supported V2X Applications	232
5.19.3.3	Current Status of the Pilot Deployment	232
5.19.4	Future Plans for Post-Pilot Operations	233
5.20	Vodafone Group: Improving Road Safety & Traffic Efficiency with V2X	234
5.20.1	Creating a Step-Change in Road Safety & Traffic Efficiency	234
5.20.2	Initial Field Trials & Demonstrations	234
5.20.3	Supported V2X Applications	236
5.20.4	Future Plans for the Rollout of C-V2X Technology	236
5.21	Volkswagen Group: Pioneering the Rollout of V2X-Equipped Vehicles in Europe	237
5.21.1	WLANp: Group-Wide Implementation of IEEE 802.11p-Based V2X Technology in 2019	237
5.21.1.1	Supported V2X Applications	237
5.21.1.2	Efforts to Accelerate the Adoption of V2X Technology	238
5.21.1.3	Integrating V2X-Capable Roadside Infrastructure & Other Road Users	238
5.21.2	Audi: Delivering V2I Applications via On-Board LTE Connectivity	238
5.21.3	Ducati Motor Holding: Developing V2X Interoperability Between Motorcycles, Vehicles & Infrastructure	239
5.21.4	SEAT: Advancing V2X-Based Assisted Driving Applications	239
5.21.5	TRATON (Scania & MAN): Piloting Platooning & Commercial Vehicle Applications	240
5.22	Volvo Group/Volvo Trucks: Enabling Truck Platooning & Commercial Vehicle Applications with V2X	241
5.22.1	Utilizing V2X to Develop Platooning & Commercial Vehicle Applications	241
5.22.2	V2X Engagements Worldwide	241
5.22.3	Supported V2X Applications	242
5.22.4	Commercial Rollout Plans	242
5.23	Other Notable V2X Engagements	243
5.23.1	Automotive OEM Commitments	243
5.23.2	Mobile Operator-Led C-V2X Projects & Trials	250
5.23.3	Other Commercial, Pilot & Trial V2X Deployments	256
		
	Chapter 6: V2X Spectrum Availability, Allocation & Usage	258
6.1	Frequency Bands for V2X Communications	258
6.1.1	Legacy V2I Systems	258
6.1.1.1	915 MHz	258
6.1.1.2	Other Sub-1 GHz Bands	258
6.1.1.3	2.4 GHz	259
6.1.1.4	5.8 GHz	259
6.1.2	Advanced V2X Technologies	259
6.1.2.1	760 MHz	259
6.1.2.2	3.4 - 3.8 GHz	259
6.1.2.3	5.9 GHz	260
6.1.2.4	Higher Frequencies	260
6.2	North America	261
6.2.1	United States	261
6.2.2	Canada	262
6.3	Asia Pacific	262
6.3.1	Australia	262
6.3.2	China	262
6.3.3	Japan	263
6.3.4	South Korea	263
6.3.5	Singapore	263
6.3.6	Taiwan	264
6.3.7	Thailand	264
6.3.8	India	264
6.3.9	Rest of Asia Pacific	265
6.4	Europe	265
6.4.1	EU & EFTA Countries	265
6.4.2	Turkey	266
6.4.3	Russia	266
6.4.4	Other Countries	267
6.5	Middle East & Africa	267
6.5.1	GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council)	267
6.5.2	Iran	268
6.5.3	Israel	268
6.5.4	South Africa	268
6.5.5	Rest of the Middle East & Africa	268
6.6	Latin & Central America	269
6.6.1	Brazil	269
6.6.2	Mexico	269
6.6.3	Rest of Latin & Central America	269
		
	Chapter 7: Standardization, Regulatory & Collaborative Initiatives	270
7.1	3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)	270
7.1.1	Release 14: LTE-V2X/Phase 1	270
7.1.2	Release 15: eV2X (Enhanced V2X)/Phase 2	271
7.1.3	Release 16: 5G NR-V2X/Phase 3	272
7.2	5GAA (5G Automotive Association)	272
7.2.1	5G/C-V2X Advocacy Efforts	272
7.2.2	Working Groups	272
7.2.2.1	WG1: Use Cases & Technical Requirements	273
7.2.2.2	WG2: System Architecture & Solution Development	273
7.2.2.3	WG3: Evaluation, Testbeds & Pilots	273
7.2.2.4	WG4: Standards & Spectrum	273
7.2.2.5	WG5: Business Models & Go-To-Market Strategies	274
7.3	5G-Connected Mobility Consortium	274
7.3.1	5G-Based V2X R&D Efforts	274
7.4	AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)	275
7.4.1	Frequency Coordination for V2X Communications	275
7.4.2	V2X Policy, Deployment Guidance & Related Efforts	275
7.4.3	Work on Connected Autonomous Driving	276
7.5	ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers' Association)	276
7.5.1	Connected & Automated Driving-Related Work	276
7.6	AECC (Automotive Edge Computing Consortium)	277
7.6.1	Edge Computing System Design for V2I & V2N Applications	277
7.7	Amsterdam Group	277
7.7.1	V2X Deployment Roadmap	277
7.7.2	Corridor Initiatives	278
7.7.3	Functional Specifications & Other V2X-Related Efforts	278
7.8	ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, Japan)	278
7.8.1	ARIB STD T75: 5.8 GHz DSRC System for V2I Applications	279
7.8.2	ARIB STD T88: DSRC Application Sub-Layer	279
7.8.3	ARIB STD T110: DSRC Basic Application Interface	279
7.8.4	ARIB STD-T109: 760 MHz Advanced V2X System	279
7.9	U.S. ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy)	280
7.9.1	NEXTCAR (Next-Generation Energy Technologies for Connected & Automated On-Road Vehicles)	280
7.9.1.1	Use of V2X Connectivity for Vehicle Control & Powertrain Optimization	280
7.10	ASECAP (European Association of Operators of Toll Road Infrastructures)	281
7.10.1	V2X-Related Activities	281
7.11	Association of Global Automakers	281
7.11.1	Connected Automation Advocacy	281
7.12	ASTM International	282
7.12.1	Legacy DSRC Standards	282
7.12.2	ASTM E2213-03: 5.9 GHz DSRC MAC & PHY Specifications	282
7.13	ATA (American Trucking Associations)	283
7.13.1	V2X-Related Activities	283
7.14	ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)	283
7.14.1	V2X Security Guidance & Requirements	283
7.14.2	Other V2X-Related Work	284
7.15	Auto Alliance (Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers)	284
7.15.1	V2X-Related Activities	284
7.16	AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture)	285
7.16.1	V2X Stack Specifications	285
7.17	C2C-CC (CAR 2 CAR Communication Consortium)	285
7.17.1	BSP (Basic System Profile) for V2X Systems in Europe	285
7.17.2	PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) for V2X Security	286
7.17.3	Advocacy Efforts to Preserve the 5.9 GHz Band for ITS-G5	286
7.17.4	Other V2X-Related Efforts	286
7.18	CAICV (China Industry Innovation Alliance for Intelligent and Connected Vehicles)	287
7.18.1	V2X Working Group	287
7.19	CAMP (Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership)	288
7.19.1	SCMS (Security Credential Management System) for V2X Communications	288
7.19.2	Other V2X-Related Efforts	288
7.20	CAT (Cooperative Automated Transportation) Coalition	289
7.20.1	CAV-ELT (Connected and Automated Vehicle Executive Leadership Team): CAV-Focused Working Groups	289
7.20.2	V2I DC (Vehicle to Infrastructure Deployment Coalition): V2I Working Groups	289
7.21	CCC (Car Connectivity Consortium)	290
7.21.1	V2X-Related Projects	290
7.22	CCSA (China Communications Standards Association)	291
7.22.1	LTE-V2X Standardization	291
7.23	CEDR (Conference of European Directors of Roads)	291
7.23.1	V2X-Related Activities	291
7.24	ConVeX (Connected Vehicle-to-Everything of Tomorrow) Consortium	292
7.24.1	C-V2X Field Trials & Demonstrations	292
7.25	CEN (European Committee for Standardization)	293
7.25.1	CEN TC 278	293
7.25.1.1	CEN DSRC Family of Standards	293
7.25.1.2	EFC (Electronic Feed Collection) & V2I Applications	293
7.25.1.3	Standards for C-ITS/Advanced V2X Systems	294
7.26	CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization)	295
7.26.1	ITS-Related Standards	295
7.27	CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)	296
7.27.1	ECC (Electronic Communications Committee)	296
7.27.2	WG SE (Working Group Spectrum Engineering)	296
7.27.3	Frequency Arrangement for V2X Communications in Europe	296
7.28	C-ITS (China ITS Industry Alliance)	297
7.28.1	Chinese National Standards for V2X	297
7.29	CLEPA (European Association of Automotive Suppliers)	298
7.29.1	V2X-Related Activities	298
7.30	CMC (Connected Motorcycle Consortium)	298
7.30.1	Standardization for Motorcycle-Specific V2X Systems	298
7.30.2	Feasibility Testing & Prototyping	299
7.31	EATA (European Automotive and Telecom Alliance)	299
7.31.1	Efforts to Facilitate the Deployment of Connected & Automated Driving	300
7.32	ERTRAC (European Road Transport Research Advisory Council)	300
7.32.1	Working Group on Connectivity & Automated Driving	300
7.33	ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)	301
7.33.1	TC ITS (Technical Committee Intelligent Transport Systems)	301
7.33.1.1	ETSI TR 101 607: C-ITS (Cooperative ITS) Release 1	301
7.33.1.2	ETSI EN 302 663: ITS-G5 Access Layer Standard	302
7.33.1.3	ETSI TS 102 724: Harmonized Channel Specifications for ITS-G5	302
7.33.1.4	ETSI TS 102 792: Co-Existence Between CEN DSRC & ITS-G5	302
7.33.1.5	ETSI TS 102 687/103 175: DCC (Decentralized Congestion Control) Mechanisms	303
7.33.1.6	ETSI EN 302 665: ITS Communications Architecture	303
7.33.1.7	ETSI EN 302 637-2: CAMs (Cooperative Awareness Messages)	303
7.33.1.8	ETSI EN 302 637-3: DENMs (Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages)	304
7.33.1.9	ETSI EN 302 895: LDM (Local Dynamic Map) Specification	304
7.33.1.10	ETSI TS 103 301: Protocols & Communication Requirements for Infrastructure Services	304
7.33.1.11	ETSI TS 101 539 Series: Safety-Related V2X Applications	304
7.33.1.12	ETSI TS 101 556 Series: V2I Applications	305
7.33.1.13	ETSI TS 102 894-1: Facility Layer Structure, Functional Requirements & Specifications	305
7.33.1.14	TS 102 890 Series: Additional Facility Layer Specifications	305
7.33.1.15	ETSI TS 102 894-2: Common Data Dictionary	305
7.33.1.16	ETSI EN 302 636 Series: GeoNetworking Protocol	306
7.33.1.17	ETSI TS 102 731, 102 940-943, 103 097: V2X Security Standards	306
7.33.1.18	Other Release 1 Standards	307
7.33.1.19	Work on C-ITS Release 2 & Advanced V2X Applications	307
7.33.2	ETSI TC ERM (Electromagnetic Compatibility & Radio Spectrum Matters)	308
7.33.2.1	ETSI EN 302 571: Harmonized Standard for ITS-G5 (5.9 GHz) Spectrum	308
7.33.2.2	ETSI EN 302 686: Harmonized Standard for 63 - 64 GHz ITS Spectrum	308
7.33.3	Other Complementary Standards	309
7.34	EU Mandates & Directives	309
7.34.1	Action Plan for the Deployment of ITS	309
7.34.2	Mandate M/453 on Cooperative Systems for Intelligent Transport	309
7.34.3	EU ITS Directive 2010/40/EU	310
7.34.4	Supporting Groups for the EU ITS Directive	310
7.34.4.1	EIC (European ITS Committee)	310
7.34.4.2	European  ITS  Advisory  Group	310
7.34.5	Mandate M/546 on Urban ITS	311
7.34.6	Declaration of Amsterdam on Connected & Automated Driving	311
7.34.7	COM (2016) 766: EU C-ITS Strategy	311
7.34.8	Letter of Intent on Cooperative, Connected & Automated Mobility	312
7.34.9	Third EU Mobility Package	312
7.34.10	C-ITS Delegated Act Under Directive 2010/40/EU: Specifications for the Provision of C-ITS	313
7.35	EU-Funded V2X Deployment Initiatives & Projects	313
7.35.1	C-ITS Deployment Platform	313
7.35.2	C-Roads Platform	314
7.35.3	Cooperative ITS Corridor	314
7.35.4	InterCor (Interoperable Corridors)	315
7.35.5	CONCORDA (Connected Corridor for Driving Automation)	315
7.35.6	C-MobILE (Accelerating C-ITS Mobility Innovation & Deployment in Europe)	315
7.35.7	NEWBITS (New Business models for ITS)	316
7.35.8	CIMEC (Cooperative ITS for Mobility in European Cities)	316
7.35.9	CODECS (Cooperative ITS Deployment Coordination Support)	316
7.35.10	MAVEN (Managing Automated Vehicles Enhances Network)	317
7.35.11	TransAID (Transition Areas for Infrastructure-Assisted Driving)	317
7.35.12	Auto C-ITS	317
7.35.13	C-V2X Projects	318
7.35.13.1	5GCAR (Fifth Generation Communication Automotive Research & Innovation)	318
7.35.13.2	5GCroco (5G Cross Border Control)	318
7.35.13.3	5G-Carmen (5G for Connected & Automated Road Mobility in the European Union)	319
7.35.13.4	5G-Mobix (5G for Cooperative & Connected Automated Mobility on X-Border Corridors)	319
7.35.14	Other EU-Funded Projects	319
7.35.15	CAD (Connected Automated Driving) Initiative	323
7.35.15.1	ARCADE (Aligning Research & Innovation for Connected & Automated Driving in Europe)	323
7.35.15.2	CARTRE (Coordination of Automated Road Transport Deployment for Europe)	323
7.35.15.3	SCOUT (Safe & COnnected AUtomation in Road Transport)	324
7.35.15.4	EUCAD (European Conference on Connected & Automated Driving)	324
7.35.16	Round Table on CAD (Connected & Automated Driving)	324
7.35.17	Gear 2030 HLG (High Level Group)	325
7.36	EU-US C-ITS Task Force	326
7.36.1	HWG (Standards Harmonization Working Group) & HTGs (Harmonization Task Groups)	326
7.36.1.1	HTG 1: ITS Security	326
7.36.1.2	HTG 2: BSM (Basic Safety Message)/CAM (Cooperative Awareness Message) Harmonization	326
7.36.1.3	HTG 3: ITS Communications	327
7.36.1.4	HTG 4/5: Infrastructure Messages	327
7.36.1.5	HTG 6: C-ITS Security Policy	327
7.36.1.6	HTG 7: Standards Selection, Gap Analysis & Identifiers	327
7.36.1.7	HTG 8 & 9: Candidate Future Work Items	327
7.37	GCF (Global Certification Forum)	328
7.37.1	C-V2X Certification Program	328
7.38	GENIVI Alliance	328
7.38.1	V2X-Related Activities	328
7.39	GSMA	329
7.39.1	C-V2X Advocacy Efforts	329
7.40	IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)	329
7.40.1	ISO/IEC JTC 1	329
7.40.1.1	SC31 WG4: RFID Standards for V2I Applications	330
7.40.1.2	Other V2X-Related Standardization Activities	330
7.41	IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)	330
7.41.1	IEEE 802.11p/OCB for V2X Communications	330
7.41.2	IEEE 1609.x Family of Standards for WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments)	331
7.41.3	IEEE 802.11 NGV (Next Generation V2X) Study Group	333
7.41.3.1	IEEE 802.11bd Amendment Project	333
7.41.4	IEEE P2040 for Connected, Automated & Intelligent Vehicles	333
7.41.5	IEEE P2690 for Charging Network Management Protocol in Electric Vehicle Charging Systems	334
7.41.6	Other Relevant Standards	334
7.42	IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)	335
7.42.1	IPWAVE (IP Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments) WG	335
7.42.1.1	IPv6 over IEEE 802.11-OCB	335
7.43	IMDA (Info-Communications Media Development Authority, Singapore)	336
7.43.1	TSAC (Telecommunications Standards Advisory Committee)	336
7.43.1.1	Technical Specification for DSRC	336
7.44	IMT-2020 (5G) Promotion Group	337
7.44.1	C-V2X Working Group	337
7.45	ISED (Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada)	337
7.45.1	Spectrum Allocation for V2X	338
7.45.2	RSS-252: Certification Requirements for V2X OBU Devices	338
7.46	ISO (International Organization for Standardization)	339
7.46.1	TC 204	339
7.46.1.1	V2X Communications	339
7.46.1.2	V2X Applications & Complementary Technologies	339
7.46.1.3	V2X Security	340
7.47	ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers)	341
7.47.1	Connected Vehicle Initiative	341
7.47.2	Cybersecurity Framework & Tools for Roadway Infrastructure	341
7.47.3	Other V2X-Related Efforts	342
7.48	ITS America (Intelligent Transportation Society of America)	342
7.48.1	V2X Spectrum Advocacy	342
7.48.2	V2X Task Force	342
7.48.3	Other V2X-Related Efforts	343
7.49	ERTICO - ITS Europe	343
7.49.1	V2X Research, Pilot & Deployment Project Management	343
7.49.2	Other Efforts Related to Connected & Automated Driving	343
7.50	Other National & Regional ITS Representative Societies	344
7.50.1	ATEC ITS France	344
7.50.2	ITS Asia-Pacific	344
7.50.3	ITS Australia	345
7.50.4	ITS Canada	345
7.50.5	ITS China	345
7.50.6	ITS Japan	345
7.50.7	ITS Korea	346
7.50.8	ITS Singapore	346
7.50.9	ITS Taiwan	346
7.50.10	ITS UK (United Kingdom)	346
7.50.11	Others	347
7.51	ITS Connect Promotion Consortium	347
7.51.1	TD-001: Inter-Vehicle Communication Message Specifications	347
7.51.2	Other Specifications & Guidelines	347
7.52	ITS Info-Communications Forum	348
7.52.1	Guidelines for 760 MHz & 5.8 GHz V2X Systems	348
7.52.2	Work on C-V2X/Technology-Neutral Applications	349
7.53	ITU (International Telecommunication Union)	349
7.53.1	ITU-R (ITU Radiocommunication Sector)	349
7.53.1.1	SG5 WP5A, WG 5A-5 (Study Group 5, Working Party 5A, Working Group 5)	349
7.53.1.2	M.1453: ITS - DSRC at 5.8 GHz	350
7.53.1.3	M.1890: Guidelines & Objectives for ITS	350
7.53.1.4	M.2084: Radio Interface Standards of V2X Communications for ITS Applications	350
7.53.1.5	M.[ITS_FRQ]: Harmonization of Frequency Bands for ITS	351
7.53.1.6	V2X-Related Study Items & Supplementary Reports	351
7.53.2	ITU-T (ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector)	351
7.53.2.1	SG17: Recommendations for V2X Security	352
7.53.2.2	SG20: Framework & Requirements for C-ITS/Safety-Related Services	352
7.53.2.3	V2X-Related Recommendations in Other SGs	352
7.53.2.4	CITS (Collaboration on ITS Communication Standards)	353
7.54	JEITA (Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association)	353
7.54.1	V2X-Related Standards	353
7.55	JSAE (Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan)	354
7.55.1	ITS Standardization Committee	354
7.55.1.1	V2X-Related Standardization Work	354
7.56	KATS (Korean Agency for Technology and Standards)	354
7.56.1	V2X-Related Standardization Efforts	355
7.57	KSAE (Korean Society Automotive Engineers)	355
7.57.1	V2X-Related Activities	355
7.58	Linux Foundation	355
7.58.1	AGL (Automotive Grade Linux): Open Software Stack for Connected Vehicles	356
7.59	MEMA (Motor & Equipment Manufacturers Association)	356
7.59.1	V2X-Related Activities	356
7.60	MIIT (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China)	357
7.60.1	CAICT (China Academy of Information and Communications Technology)	357
7.60.1.1	V2X Development, Testing & Promotion in China	357
7.61	MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan)	358
7.61.1	V2X Deployment & Related Efforts	358
7.62	MOLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, South Korea)	358
7.62.1	C-ITS Pilot Project	358
7.62.2	Other V2X Related Efforts	359
7.63	U.S. NCHRP (National Cooperative Highway Research Program)	359
7.63.1	NCHRP 20-102: Impacts of Connected Vehicles & Automated Vehicles on State & Local Transportation Agencies	359
7.63.2	NCHRP 03-127: Cybersecurity of Traffic Management Systems	360
7.63.3	NCHRP 20-24(98): Connected/Automated Vehicle Research Roadmap for AASHTO	361
7.63.4	Other Projects	361
7.64	NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association)	362
7.64.1	NTCIP (National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol)	362
7.65	NGMN Alliance	363
7.65.1	V2X Task Force & White Paper	363
7.66	NICT (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan)	364
7.66.1	V2X-Related Activities	364
7.67	U.S. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)	364
7.67.1	CSF (Cybersecurity Framework)	364
7.67.1.1	Application of NIST's CSF to Connected Vehicle Environments	365
7.68	OICA (International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers)	365
7.68.1	V2X Standards Harmonization Efforts	365
7.69	OmniAir Consortium	366
7.69.1	Connected Vehicle Certification Program	366
7.69.2	Other V2X-Related Activities	366
7.70	oneM2M	367
7.70.1	V2X-Related Standardization Efforts	367
7.71	PIARC (World Road Association)	367
7.71.1	Task Force B.1: V2X Technology in Road Design & Infrastructure	367
7.71.2	Task Force B.2: Automated Vehicles	368
7.71.3	Other V2X-Related Activities	368
7.72	POLIS (Cities and Regions for Transport Innovation)	368
7.72.1	V2X-Related Activities	368
7.73	SAE International	369
7.73.1	DSRC TC (Technical Committee)	369
7.73.1.1	SAE J2735: DSRC Message Set Dictionary	369
7.73.1.2	SAE J2945/x Suite of Standards for V2X Applications	370
7.73.1.3	Other DSRC TC Standards	371
7.73.2	C-V2X TC (Technical Committee)	372
7.73.2.1	SAE J3161: On-Board System Requirements for LTE V2X/V2V Safety Communications	372
7.73.2.2	Standardization Efforts for Advanced V2X Applications	373
7.73.2.3	SAE J3186: MSCS (Maneuver Sharing & Coordinating Service)	373
7.73.2.4	Addressing the Needs of Road Operators	374
7.73.3	Vehicle Cybersecurity Systems Engineering Committee	374
7.73.3.1	J3061: Cybersecurity Guidebook for Cyber-Physical Automotive Systems	374
7.73.3.2	Other Vehicle Cybersecurity Standards	375
7.73.4	Other V2X-Related Standards	375
7.74	SAE-China (Society of Automotive Engineers of China)	376
7.74.1	T/CSAE 53-2017: V2X Application Layer Standard	376
7.74.2	Other V2X-Related Efforts	376
7.75	Safety Spectrum Coalition	377
7.75.1	V2X Spectrum Advocacy	377
7.76	SIP (Japan's Cross-Ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program)	377
7.76.1	SIP-adus (Automated Driving for Universal Services)	377
7.76.1.1	V2X-Related R&D Efforts	378
7.77	TAICS (Taiwan Association of Information and Communication Standards)	378
7.77.1	TC8 (Technical Committee 8): IoV (Internet of Vehicles) & Automated Driving	378
7.78	TCA (Transport Certification Australia)	379
7.78.1	C-ITS Standardization, Interoperability, Security & Related-Efforts	379
7.78.2	National Telematics Framework: Facilitating Telematics-Related V2X Applications	379
7.79	TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)	380
7.79.1	V2X-Related Advocacy Efforts	380
7.80	TIAA (Telematics Industry Application Alliance)	380
7.80.1	V2X-Related Standards, Demonstrations & Testing	380
7.81	TISA (Travelers Information Services Association)	381
7.81.1	V2X-Related Activities	381
7.82	Transport Canada	381
7.82.1	National Framework & Programs for Automated & Connected Vehicles	381
7.82.2	Canada-U.S RCC (Regulatory Cooperation Council): Connected Vehicles Work-Plan	382
7.83	TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association, South Korea)	382
7.83.1	Vehicle Communications System Standards	382
7.84	TTC (Telecommunication Technology Committee, Japan)	383
7.84.1	V2X-Related Standardization Efforts	383
7.85	UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)	384
7.85.1	WP.29 (Working Party 29): World Forum for the Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations	384
7.85.2	Working Party on Automated/Autonomous & Connected Vehicles	384
7.86	USDOT (U.S. Department of Transportation)	385
7.86.1	ITS Joint Program Office	385
7.86.2	CV (Connected Vehicle) Program	385
7.86.2.1	CV Pilot Deployments	386
7.86.2.2	CV Application Prototyping	386
7.86.3	Connected Autonomous Vehicle Research	387
7.86.4	ITS Standards Program	387
7.86.5	ARC-IT (Architecture Reference for Cooperative & Intelligent Transportation)	388
7.86.6	U.S. NHTSA (National Highway Transportation Safety Administration)	389
7.86.6.1	FMVSS 150: V2V NPRM (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) for Light Vehicles	389
7.86.6.2	Heavy Vehicle V2V Research	389
7.86.6.3	DOT HS 812 333: Cybersecurity for Modern Vehicles	390
7.86.7	U.S. FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)	390
7.86.7.1	V2I Deployment Guidance	390
7.86.7.2	CARMA (Cooperative Automation Research Mobility Applications) Platform	391
7.86.8	U.S. FMCSA (Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration)	391
7.86.8.1	V2X Applications for Commercial Vehicles	391
7.86.9	U.S. FTA (Federal Transit Administration)	391
7.86.9.1	V2X Applications for Public Transit Systems	392
7.87	VdTÜV (Association of Technical Inspection Agencies)	392
7.87.1	ITS-G5 Advocacy Efforts	392
7.88	VIIC (Vehicle Infrastructure Integration Consortium)	392
7.88.1	V2X-Related Policy Issues	392
7.89	W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)	393
7.89.1	Automotive Working Group	393
7.89.1.1	VISS (Vehicle Information Service Specification)	393
7.89.1.2	RSI (Restful Service Interface)	394
7.89.1.3	Previous Work	394
7.89.2	Automotive & Web Platform Business Group	394
		
	Chapter 8: Future Roadmap & Value Chain	395
8.1	Future Roadmap	395
8.1.1	Pre-2020: Early Commitments by Automakers & Other Stakeholders	395
8.1.2	2020 - 2025: Mass-Market Adoption of V2X for Road Safety & Traffic Efficiency	396
8.1.3	2026 - 2030: Towards Connected Autonomous Driving & 5G-Based V2X Applications	397
8.2	Value Chain	398
8.2.1	V2X Hardware & Software Suppliers	398
8.2.2	Automotive OEMs	399
8.2.3	Aftermarket Manufacturers	399
8.2.4	System Integrators	399
8.2.5	Application Service Providers	400
8.2.6	Communications Service Providers	400
8.2.7	Road Users & Operators	400
8.2.8	Other Ecosystem Players	400
		
	Chapter 9: Key Ecosystem Players	401
9.1	A1 Telekom Austria Group	401
9.2	AASA/01LightCom	402
9.3	ADI (Analog Devices Inc.)	403
9.4	Airbiquity	404
9.5	Airgain	405
9.6	Alibaba Group	406
9.7	Alps Alpine (Alps Electric/Alpine Electronics)	407
9.8	Amphenol Corporation	408
9.9	Anritsu Corporation	409
9.10	Apple	410
9.11	Applied Information	411
9.12	Aptiv (Delphi Automotive)	412
9.13	Aricent/Altran	413
9.14	ARM Holdings	414
9.15	Arteris IP	415
9.16	Aston Martin Lagonda	416
9.17	ASTRI (Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute)	417
9.18	AT&T	418
9.19	Athena Group	419
9.20	Audi	420
9.21	Autotalks	421
9.22	Aventi Intelligent Communication	422
9.23	BAIC Group/BJEV	423
9.24	Baidu	424
9.25	Battelle	425
9.26	BCE (Bell Canada)	426
9.27	BlackBerry/QNX Software Systems/Certicom	427
9.28	BMW Group	428
9.29	BMW Motorrad	429
9.30	Boréal Bikes	430
9.31	Brilliance Auto (Brilliance China Automotive Holdings)	431
9.32	Broadcom	432
9.33	Bureau Veritas/7Layers	433
9.34	BYD	434
9.35	CalAmp/LoJack	435
9.36	Carsmart (Beijing Carsmart Technology)	436
9.37	CEST Co. (Center for Embedded Software Technology)	437
9.38	CETECOM	438
9.39	CEVA	439
9.40	Changan Automobile	440
9.41	Chemtronics	441
9.42	Chery	442
9.43	China Mobile/CMIoT (China Mobile IoT)	443
9.44	China Telecom	444
9.45	China Transinfo	445
9.46	China Unicom	446
9.47	Chunghwa Telecom	447
9.48	CiDi (Changsha Intelligent Driving Institute)	448
9.49	Cisco Systems	449
9.50	Clarion	450
9.51	Cohda Wireless	451
9.52	Commsignia	452
9.53	Confidex	453
9.54	Connected Signals	454
9.55	Continental	455
9.56	Cubic Corporation	456
9.57	Cubic Telecom	457
9.58	Cybercom Group	458
9.59	Cypress Semiconductor Corporation	459
9.60	Daimler	460
9.61	Daimler Trucks	462
9.62	Danlaw	463
9.63	Datang Telecom Technology & Industry Group/CICT (China Information and Communication Technology Group)	464
9.64	DEKRA	465
9.65	Delphi Technologies	466
9.66	Denso Corporation	467
9.67	Derq	468
9.68	Desay SV Automotive	469
9.69	DFM (Dongfeng Motor Corporation)	470
9.70	DT (Deutsche Telekom)	471
9.71	DT&C	472
9.72	Ducati Motor Holding	473
9.73	Econolite	474
9.74	EFKON	475
9.75	Ericsson	476
9.76	ESCRYPT/ETAS	477
9.77	eSSys	479
9.78	ETRI (Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute, South Korea)	480
9.79	Faraday Future	481
9.80	FAW Group	482
9.81	FCA (Fiat Chrysler Automobiles)	483
9.82	Ferrari	484
9.83	FET (Far EasTone Telecommunications)	485
9.84	FEV Group	486
9.85	Ficosa	487
9.86	Firefly LiFi (Firefly Wireless Networks)	488
9.87	Flex	489
9.88	FLIR Systems	490
9.89	Fluidmesh Networks	491
9.90	Ford Motor Company	492
9.91	Foresight Autonomous Holdings	493
9.92	Forward Electronics	494
9.93	Fraunhofer FOKUS (Institute for Open Communication Systems)	495
9.94	Fraunhofer HHI (Heinrich Hertz Institute)	496
9.95	Fraunhofer IIS (Institute for Integrated Circuits)	497
9.96	Fraunhofer SIT (Institute for Secure Information Technology)	498
9.97	Fujitsu	499
9.98	GAC Group (Guangzhou Automobile Group)	500
9.99	Geely Holding/Geely Auto	501
9.100	Gemalto	502
9.101	Genvict	503
9.102	GM (General Motors)	504
9.103	Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company	506
9.104	Gosuncn Technology Group	507
9.105	Great Wall Motor Company	508
9.106	Green Hills Software/ISS (INTEGRITY Security Services)	509
9.107	Griiip	511
9.108	Groupe PSA	512
9.109	Groupe Renault	513
9.110	HAAS Alert	514
9.111	Hancom MDS	515
9.112	Harada Industry	516
9.113	Helix Technologies	517
9.114	HELLA	518
9.115	HERE Technologies	519
9.116	Hino Motors	520
9.117	Hitachi	521
9.118	HKT/PCCW	522
9.119	HNTB Corporation	523
9.120	Honda Motor Corporation	524
9.121	HORIBA MIRA	525
9.122	HSAE/Hangsheng Technology	526
9.123	Huali/iSmartWays Technology	527
9.124	Huawei/HiSilicon	528
9.125	Hyundai Mobis	529
9.126	Hyundai Motor Group (Hyundai Motor Company/ Kia Motors Corporation)	530
9.127	IAV	531
9.128	IBM Corporation	532
9.129	IDnomic	533
9.130	Infineon Technologies	534
9.131	INRIX	535
9.132	Intel Corporation/Mobileye	536
9.133	InterDigital	538
9.134	Intertek	539
9.135	Invengo	540
9.136	Isuzu Motors	541
9.137	Iteris	542
9.138	ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan)	543
9.139	iTRONICS	544
9.140	ITT (IT Telecom)	545
9.141	Iveco/CNH Industrial	546
9.142	Jin Woo Industrial	547
9.143	JLR (Jaguar Land Rover)/Tata Motors	548
9.144	JRC (Japan Radio Company)	549
9.145	Juniper Networks	550
9.146	JVCKENWOOD Corporation	551
9.147	Kapsch TrafficCom	552
9.148	Karamba Security	553
9.149	Kawasaki Heavy Industries	554
9.150	KDDI Corporation	555
9.151	Keysight Technologies	556
9.152	KOSTAL Group (Leopold Kostal)	557
9.153	KPN	558
9.154	KT Corporation	559
9.155	KTM	560
9.156	Kymeta Corporation	561
9.157	Kyocera Corporation	562
9.158	LACROIX City/LACROIX Neavia	563
9.159	Lear Corporation	564
9.160	Leidos	565
9.161	Lenovo/Motorola Mobility	566
9.162	Leonardo	567
9.163	Lesswire/Prettl Group	568
9.164	LG Electronics/LG Innotek	569
9.165	LITE-ON Technology Corporation	570
9.166	LMT (Latvijas Mobilais Telefons)	571
9.167	Lucid Motors	572
9.168	Luxoft/Objective Software/DXC Technology	573
9.169	Lyft	574
9.170	Magna International	575
9.171	Magneti Marelli	576
9.172	Mando Corporation/Halla Group	577
9.173	Marben	578
9.174	Marvell	579
9.175	Mazda Motor Corporation	580
9.176	McLaren Automotive	581
9.177	Mediatek	582
9.178	MET Labs (MET Laboratories)/Eurofins Scientific	583
9.179	Michelin	584
9.180	Microchip Technology/Microsemi Corporation	585
9.181	Microsoft Corporation	586
9.182	MinebeaMitsumi Group	587
9.183	Mitsuba Corporation	588
9.184	Mitsubishi Electric Corporation	589
9.185	Mitsubishi Motors Corporation	590
9.186	Mobile Mark	591
9.187	Molex/Laird CVS (Connected Vehicle Solutions)	592
9.188	Murata Manufacturing	593
9.189	NavInfo	594
9.190	Navistar	595
9.191	Navya	596
9.192	Nebula Link	597
9.193	NEC Corporation	598
9.194	Neology/SMARTRAC	599
9.195	Neoway Technology	600
9.196	Neusoft Reach	601
9.197	NEVS (National Electric Vehicle Sweden)	602
9.198	Nexar	603
9.199	Nexus Group	604
9.200	NI (National Instruments)	605
9.201	NIO	606
9.202	Nissan Motor Corporation	607
9.203	NJR (New Japan Radio)	608
9.204	Nokia	609
9.205	Nordsys	610
9.206	Noris Network	611
9.207	NTT DoCoMo	612
9.208	NXP Semiconductors	613
9.209	Oki Electric Industry	614
9.210	Oledcomm	615
9.211	OnBoard Security/Security Innovation	616
9.212	OPPO	617
9.213	Orange	618
9.214	P3 Group	619
9.215	PACCAR/DAF Trucks	620
9.216	Panasonic Corporation	621
9.217	Parsons Corporation	622
9.218	Peloton Technology	623
9.219	Penta Security Systems	624
9.220	Phantom Auto	625
9.221	Pioneer Corporation/ IPC (Increment P Corporation)	626
9.222	Proximus Group	627
9.223	Pulse Electronics	628
9.224	pureLiFi	629
9.225	Q-Free	630
9.226	Qianxun SI (Spatial Intelligence)	631
9.227	Qorvo	632
9.228	Qosmotec Software Solutions	633
9.229	Qualcomm	634
9.230	Quectel Wireless Solutions	635
9.231	RANIX	636
9.232	Redpine Signals	637
9.233	Renesas Electronics Corporation	638
9.234	Robert Bosch	639
9.235	Rohde & Schwarz	640
9.236	ROHM Semiconductor	641
9.237	RoyalTek	642
9.238	S.E.A. Datentechnik	643
9.239	SAIC Motor Corporation	644
9.240	Saleen Automotive	645
9.241	Samsung Electronics/HARMAN International	646
9.242	Sanjole	647
9.243	Sanyo Techno Solutions Tottori	648
9.244	Savari	649
9.245	SEAT	650
9.246	Sensefields	651
9.247	Sequans Communications	652
9.248	SGS	653
9.249	Shanghai Gotell Communication Technology Holdings (roam2free)	654
9.250	Siemens/Mentor/TASS International	655
9.251	Sierra Wireless	657
9.252	Sinclair Broadcast Group	658
9.253	SiriusXM/Automatic Labs	659
9.254	SK C&C	660
9.255	SK Telecom	661
9.256	Škoda Auto	662
9.257	Skyworks Solutions	663
9.258	Smart Mobile Labs	664
9.259	Smarteq Wireless/Allgon	665
9.260	Socionext	666
9.261	SoftBank Group	667
9.262	Spirent Communications	668
9.263	SsangYong Motor Company/Mahindra & Mahindra	669
9.264	STAR Systems International	670
9.265	STMicroelectronics	671
9.266	sTraffic	672
9.267	Subaru Corporation	673
9.268	Sumitomo Electric Industries	674
9.269	Sunsea AIoT/SIMCom Wireless Solutions/Longsung Technology	675
9.270	Suzuki Motor Corporation	676
9.271	Swarco/McCain	677
9.272	Synopsys	678
9.273	Taiwan Mobile	679
9.274	Taoglas	680
9.275	TAPCO (Traffic and Parking Control Company)	681
9.276	Tata AutoComp Systems	682
9.277	Tata Elxsi	683
9.278	TE Connectivity/Hirschmann Car Communication	684
9.279	Telefónica Group	685
9.280	Telenor Group/Telenor Connexion	686
9.281	Telit Communications	687
9.282	Telstra	688
9.283	Telus Corporation	689
9.284	Tencent	690
9.285	Terranet	691
9.286	Tesla	692
9.287	TIM (Telecom Italia Mobile)	693
9.288	Tome Software	694
9.289	TomTom	695
9.290	Toshiba Corporation	696
9.291	TowerJazz	697
9.292	Toyota Motor Corporation	698
9.293	TransCore	699
9.294	TRATON/Scania/MAN	700
9.295	Trek Bicycle Corporation	701
9.296	TTS (Traffic Technology Services)	702
9.297	TÜV Rheinland	703
9.298	TÜV SÜD	704
9.299	Uber Technologies	705
9.300	U-Blox	706
9.301	UL	707
9.302	Unex Technology Corporation	708
9.303	Unicore Communications/Beijing BDStar Navigation	709
9.304	Unisoc	710
9.305	Valens	711
9.306	Valeo	712
9.307	Vector Informatik	713
9.308	Veniam	714
9.309	Veoneer/Autoliv	715
9.310	Verizon Communications/Verizon Connect	716
9.311	Viavi Solutions	717
9.312	Vinli	718
9.313	Visteon Corporation	719
9.314	VLNComm	720
9.315	Vodafone Group	721
9.316	Volkswagen Group	722
9.317	Volvo Cars	723
9.318	Volvo Group/Volvo Trucks	724
9.319	VT iDirect	725
9.320	VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland	726
9.321	Wanji Technology	727
9.322	Waymo/Alphabet/Google	728
9.323	Wayties	729
9.324	Wieson Technologies	730
9.325	WISeKey	731
9.326	WNC (Wistron NeWeb Corporation)	732
9.327	WSP Global	733
9.328	Xiaomi Corporation	734
9.329	Xilinx	735
9.330	Yamaha Motor Company	736
9.331	YoGoKo	737
9.332	Yokowo	738
9.333	ZF	739
9.334	Zotye Auto (Zotye Automobile International)	740
9.335	ZTE	741
		
	Chapter 10: Market Sizing & Forecasts	742
10.1	Global Outlook for V2X Communications Technology	742
10.2	Segmentation by Submarket	743
10.3	V2X Terminal Equipment	743
10.3.1	V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue	743
10.3.2	Segmentation by Air Interface Technology	744
10.3.2.1	C-V2X	744
10.3.2.2	LTE-V2X	745
10.3.2.3	5G-NR V2X	745
10.3.2.4	IEEE 802.11p	746
10.3.2.5	IEEE 802.11p-2010	746
10.3.2.6	IEEE 802.11bd/NGV	747
10.4	V2X OBUs	747
10.4.1	V2X OBU Shipments & Revenue	747
10.4.2	Segmentation by Air Interface Technology	748
10.4.2.1	C-V2X	749
10.4.2.2	LTE-V2X	750
10.4.2.3	5G-NR V2X	751
10.4.2.4	IEEE 802.11p	752
10.4.2.5	IEEE 802.11p-2010	753
10.4.2.6	IEEE 802.11bd/NGV	754
10.5	V2X RSUs	755
10.5.1	V2X RSU Shipments & Revenue	755
10.5.2	Segmentation by Air Interface Technology	756
10.5.2.1	C-V2X	757
10.5.2.2	LTE-V2X	758
10.5.2.3	5G-NR V2X	759
10.5.2.4	IEEE 802.11p	760
10.5.2.5	IEEE 802.11p-2010	761
10.5.2.6	IEEE 802.11bd/NGV	762
10.6	V2X Applications	763
10.6.1	V2X Application Revenue	763
10.6.2	Segmentation by Application Category	764
10.6.2.1	Road Safety	765
10.6.2.2	Traffic Management & Optimization	765
10.6.2.3	Navigation & Traveler/Driver Information	766
10.6.2.4	Transit & Public Transport	766
10.6.2.5	Commercial Vehicle Operations	767
10.6.2.6	Emergency Services & Public Safety	767
10.6.2.7	Environmental Sustainability	768
10.6.2.8	Road Weather Management	768
10.6.2.9	Autonomous Driving & Advanced Application	769
10.6.2.10	Value-Added Services	769
10.7	V2X Backend Network Elements	770
10.7.1	V2X Backend Network Element Revenue	770
10.8	V2X Security	770
10.8.1	V2X Security Revenue	770
10.9	Global Installed Base of V2X-Equipped Vehicles & RSUs	771
10.9.1	V2X-Equipped Vehicles	771
10.9.1.1	Segmentation by Air Interface Technology	771
10.9.1.2	C-V2X	772
10.9.1.3	LTE-V2X	772
10.9.1.4	5G NR-V2X	773
10.9.1.5	IEEE 802.11p	773
10.9.1.6	IEEE 802.11p-2010	774
10.9.1.7	IEEE 802.11bd/NGV	774
10.9.2	V2X RSUs	775
10.9.2.1	Segmentation by Air Interface Technology	775
10.9.2.2	C-V2X	776
10.9.2.3	LTE-V2X	776
10.9.2.4	5G-NR V2X	777
10.9.2.5	IEEE 802.11p	777
10.9.2.6	IEEE 802.11p-2010	778
10.9.2.7	IEEE 802.11bd/NGV	778
10.10	Regional Outlook	779
10.10.1	Submarkets	779
10.10.1.1	V2X Terminal Equipment	779
10.10.1.2	V2X OBUs	780
10.10.1.3	V2X RSUs	781
10.10.1.4	V2X Applications	782
10.10.1.5	V2X Backend Network Elements	782
10.10.1.6	V2X Security	783
10.10.2	Installed Base	783
10.10.2.1	V2X-Equipped Vehicles	783
10.10.2.2	V2X RSUs	784
10.11	North America	785
10.11.1	Submarkets	785
10.11.1.1	V2X Terminal Equipment	785
10.11.1.2	V2X OBUs	786
10.11.1.3	V2X RSUs	787
10.11.1.4	V2X Applications	788
10.11.1.5	V2X Backend Network Elements	788
10.11.1.6	V2X Security	789
10.11.2	Installed Base	789
10.11.2.1	V2X-Equipped Vehicles	789
10.11.2.2	V2X RSUs	790
10.12	Asia Pacific	791
10.12.1	Submarkets	791
10.12.1.1	V2X Terminal Equipment	791
10.12.1.2	V2X OBUs	792
10.12.1.3	V2X RSUs	793
10.12.1.4	V2X Applications	794
10.12.1.5	V2X Backend Network Elements	794
10.12.1.6	V2X Security	795
10.12.2	Installed Base	795
10.12.2.1	V2X-Equipped Vehicles	795
10.12.2.2	V2X RSUs	796
10.13	Europe	797
10.13.1	Submarkets	797
10.13.1.1	V2X Terminal Equipment	797
10.13.1.2	V2X OBUs	798
10.13.1.3	V2X RSUs	799
10.13.1.4	V2X Applications	800
10.13.1.5	V2X Backend Network Elements	800
10.13.1.6	V2X Security	801
10.13.2	Installed Base	801
10.13.2.1	V2X-Equipped Vehicles	801
10.13.2.2	V2X RSUs	802
10.14	Middle East & Africa	803
10.14.1	Submarkets	803
10.14.1.1	V2X Terminal Equipment	803
10.14.1.2	V2X OBUs	804
10.14.1.3	V2X RSUs	805
10.14.1.4	V2X Applications	806
10.14.1.5	V2X Backend Network Elements	806
10.14.1.6	V2X Security	807
10.14.2	Installed Base	807
10.14.2.1	V2X-Equipped Vehicles	807
10.14.2.2	V2X RSUs	808
10.15	Latin & Central America	809
10.15.1	Submarkets	809
10.15.1.1	V2X Terminal Equipment	809
10.15.1.2	V2X OBUs	810
10.15.1.3	V2X RSUs	811
10.15.1.4	V2X Applications	812
10.15.1.5	V2X Backend Network Elements	812
10.15.1.6	V2X Security	813
10.15.2	Installed Base	813
10.15.2.1	V2X-Equipped Vehicles	813
10.15.2.2	V2X RSUs	814
		
	Chapter 11: Conclusion & Strategic Recommendations	815
11.1	Why is the Market Poised to Grow?	815
11.2	Geographic Outlook: Which Countries Offer the Highest Growth Potential?	816
11.3	Review of V2X Engagements Worldwide	816
11.3.1	North America	816
11.3.1.1	United States	816
11.3.1.2	Canada	817
11.3.2	Asia Pacific	817
11.3.2.1	Japan	817
11.3.2.2	China	818
11.3.2.3	Rest of Asia Pacific	818
11.3.3	Europe	818
11.3.4	Middle East & Africa	819
11.3.5	Latin & Central America	819
11.4	Spectrum: Are There Any Feasible Choices Beyond 5.9 GHz?	819
11.5	Evaluating the Practical Benefits of V2X	820
11.6	The IEEE 802.11p/DSRC vs. C-V2X Debate: Which Technology will Succeed?	820
11.6.1	The Emergence of Two Opposing V2X Technology Camps	820
11.6.2	Is There a Clear Winner?	821
11.6.3	Flexible Approach: Different Technologies in Different Regions	821
11.7	IEEE 802.11bd: Is There a Future Evolution Path for 802.11p?	822
11.8	Can C-V2X Minimize the Cost of Roadside Infrastructure Build-Outs?	822
11.9	Which Applications Are Currently Supported by V2X-Equipped Production Vehicles?	823
11.10	Growing Focus on Motorcycle-Specific V2X Safety Applications	823
11.11	Use of V2V Communications to Support Truck Platooning Systems	824
11.12	Delivering V2X-Type Applications Through Wide-Area Cellular Connectivity	824
11.13	How Can V2X Facilitate Fully Autonomous Driving?	825
11.14	Addressing V2X Security Concerns	825
11.15	Strategic Recommendations	826
11.15.1	Automotive OEMs	826
11.15.2	V2X Technology & Solution Providers	827
11.15.3	Mobile Operators & Cellular Industry Specialists	827
11.15.4	Road Operators  & Other Stakeholders	828
		
	Chapter 12: Expert Opinion - Interview Transcripts	830
12.1	Cohda Wireless	830
12.2	Foresight Autonomous Holdings	833
12.3	Kapsch TrafficCom	838
12.4	Nokia	846
12.5	NXP Semiconductors	849
12.6	OnBoard Security	857
12.7	Qualcomm	860
12.8	Savari	864

List of Figures		

	Figure 1: The V2X Communications Concept	63
	Figure 2: DSRC-Based V2X Architecture	76
	Figure 3: C-V2X Architecture	79
	Figure 4: Levels of Driving Automation for On-Road Vehicles	87
	Figure 5: Technical & Performance Characteristics of V2X Technologies	99
	Figure 6: PC5 & LTE/NR-Uu Interfaces for C-V2X	102
	Figure 7: Examples of VLC (Visible Light Communications)-Based V2X Application Scenarios	104
	Figure 8: Conceptual Architecture for End-to-End Network Slicing in Mobile Networks	112
	Figure 9: Autonomous Vehicle Generated Data Volume by Sensor (%)	172
	Figure 10: Key Elements of the AURORA Connected Vehicle Test Bed	178
	Figure 11: CDOT (Colorado Department of Transport)-Panasonic V2X Deployment Program	183
	Figure 12: Daimler's Car-to-X Communication System	188
	Figure 13: HKT's C-V2X Trial Network Architecture	202
	Figure 14: Key Elements of NTT DoCoMo's C-V2X Trial	216
	Figure 15: V2V Applications Supported by Toyota's ITS Connect System in Japan	224
	Figure 16: V2I Applications Supported by Toyota's ITS Connect System in Japan	225
	Figure 17: TRATON's IEEE 802.11p-Based Truck Platooning System	240
	Figure 18: C-V2X Evolution in 3GPP Releases 14, 15 & 16	271
	Figure 19: CEPT Frequency Arrangement for V2X Communications	297
	Figure 20: ARC-IT/U.S. National ITS Reference Architecture Structure & Organization	388
	Figure 21: Future Roadmap for V2X Communications:  2019 - 2030	395
	Figure 22: V2X Communications Technology Value Chain	398
	Figure 23: Global V2X Communications Technology Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	742
	Figure 24: Global V2X Communications Technology Revenue by Submarket: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	743
	Figure 25: Global V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	743
	Figure 26: Global V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	744
	Figure 27: Global C-V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	744
	Figure 28: Global LTE-V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	745
	Figure 29: Global 5G NR-V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2023 - 2030 ($ Million)	745
	Figure 30: Global IEEE 802.11p Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	746
	Figure 31: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	746
	Figure 32: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2023 - 2030 ($ Million)	747
	Figure 33: Global V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	747
	Figure 34: Global V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	748
	Figure 35: Global V2X OBU Shipments by Air Interface Technology: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	748
	Figure 36: Global V2X OBU Shipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	749
	Figure 37: Global C-V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	749
	Figure 38: Global C-V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	750
	Figure 39: Global LTE-V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	750
	Figure 40: Global LTE-V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	751
	Figure 41: Global 5G NR-V2X OBU Shipments: 2023 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	751
	Figure 42: Global 5G NR-V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2023 - 2030 ($ Million)	752
	Figure 43: Global IEEE 802.11p OBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	752
	Figure 44: Global IEEE 802.11p OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	753
	Figure 45: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 OBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	753
	Figure 46: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	754
	Figure 47: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV OBU Shipments: 2023 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	754
	Figure 48: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV OBU Shipment Revenue: 2023 - 2030 ($ Million)	755
	Figure 49: Global V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	755
	Figure 50: Global V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	756
	Figure 51: Global V2X RSU Shipments by Air Interface Technology: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	756
	Figure 52: Global V2X RSU Shipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	757
	Figure 53: Global C-V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	757
	Figure 54: Global C-V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	758
	Figure 55: Global LTE-V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	758
	Figure 56: Global LTE-V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	759
	Figure 57: Global 5G NR-V2X RSU Shipments: 2023 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	759
	Figure 58: Global 5G NR-V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2023 - 2030 ($ Million)	760
	Figure 59: Global IEEE 802.11p RSU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	760
	Figure 60: Global IEEE 802.11p RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	761
	Figure 61: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 RSU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	761
	Figure 62: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	762
	Figure 63: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV RSU Shipments: 2023 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	762
	Figure 64: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV RSU Shipment Revenue: 2023 - 2030 ($ Million)	763
	Figure 65: Global V2X Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	763
	Figure 66: Global V2X Application Revenue by Category: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	764
	Figure 67: Global V2X-Based Road Safety Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	765
	Figure 68: Global V2X-Based Traffic Management & Optimization Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	765
	Figure 69: Global V2X-Based Navigation & Traveler/Driver Information Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	766
	Figure 70: Global V2X-Based Transit & Public Transport Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	766
	Figure 71: Global V2X-Based Commercial Vehicle Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	767
	Figure 72: Global V2X-Based Emergency Services & Public Safety Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	767
	Figure 73: Global V2X-Based Environmental Sustainability Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	768
	Figure 74: Global V2X-Based Road Weather Management Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	768
	Figure 75: Global V2X-Based Autonomous Driving & Advanced Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	769
	Figure 76: Global V2X-Based  Value-Added Services Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	769
	Figure 77: Global V2X Backend Network Element Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	770
	Figure 78: Global V2X Security Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	770
	Figure 79: Global V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	771
	Figure 80: Global V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base by Air Interface Technology: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	771
	Figure 81: Global C-V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	772
	Figure 82: Global LTE-V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	772
	Figure 83: Global 5G NR-V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2023 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	773
	Figure 84: Global IEEE 802.11p-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	773
	Figure 85: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	774
	Figure 86: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2023 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	774
	Figure 87: Global V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	775
	Figure 88: Global V2X RSU Installed Base by Air Interface Technology: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	775
	Figure 89: Global C-V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	776
	Figure 90: Global LTE-V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	776
	Figure 91: Global 5G NR-V2X RSU Installed Base: 2023 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	777
	Figure 92: Global IEEE 802.11p RSU Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	777
	Figure 93: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 RSU Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	778
	Figure 94: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV RSU Installed Base: 2023 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	778
	Figure 95: V2X Communications Technology Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	779
	Figure 96: V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	779
	Figure 97: V2X OBU Shipments by Region: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	780
	Figure 98: V2X OBU Shipment Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	780
	Figure 99: V2X RSU Shipments by Region: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	781
	Figure 100: V2X RSU Shipment Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	781
	Figure 101: V2X Application Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	782
	Figure 102: V2X Backend Network Element Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	782
	Figure 103: V2X Security Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	783
	Figure 104: V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base by Region: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	783
	Figure 105: V2X RSU Installed Base by Region: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	784
	Figure 106: North America V2X Communications Technology Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	785
	Figure 107: North America V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	785
	Figure 108: North America V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	786
	Figure 109: North America V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	786
	Figure 110: North America V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	787
	Figure 111: North America V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	787
	Figure 112: North America V2X Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	788
	Figure 113: North America V2X Backend Network Element Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	788
	Figure 114: North America V2X Security Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	789
	Figure 115: North America V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	789
	Figure 116: North America V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	790
	Figure 117: Asia Pacific V2X Communications Technology Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	791
	Figure 118: Asia Pacific V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	791
	Figure 119: Asia Pacific V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	792
	Figure 120: Asia Pacific V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	792
	Figure 121: Asia Pacific V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	793
	Figure 122: Asia Pacific V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	793
	Figure 123: Asia Pacific V2X Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	794
	Figure 124: Asia Pacific V2X Backend Network Element Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	794
	Figure 125: Asia Pacific V2X Security Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	795
	Figure 126: Asia Pacific V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	795
	Figure 127: Asia Pacific V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	796
	Figure 128: Europe V2X Communications Technology Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	797
	Figure 129: Europe V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	797
	Figure 130: Europe V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	798
	Figure 131: Europe V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	798
	Figure 132: Europe V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	799
	Figure 133: Europe V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	799
	Figure 134: Europe V2X Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	800
	Figure 135: Europe V2X Backend Network Element Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	800
	Figure 136: Europe V2X Security Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	801
	Figure 137: Europe V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	801
	Figure 138: Europe V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	802
	Figure 139: Middle East & Africa V2X Communications Technology Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	803
	Figure 140: Middle East & Africa V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	803
	Figure 141: Middle East & Africa V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	804
	Figure 142: Middle East & Africa V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	804
	Figure 143: Middle East & Africa V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	805
	Figure 144: Middle East & Africa V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	805
	Figure 145: Middle East & Africa V2X Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	806
	Figure 146: Middle East & Africa V2X Backend Network Element Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	806
	Figure 147: Middle East & Africa V2X Security Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	807
	Figure 148: Middle East & Africa V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	807
	Figure 149: Middle East & Africa V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	808
	Figure 150: Latin & Central America V2X Communications Technology Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	809
	Figure 151: Latin & Central America V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	809
	Figure 152: Latin & Central America V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	810
	Figure 153: Latin & Central America V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	810
	Figure 154: Latin & Central America V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	811
	Figure 155: Latin & Central America V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	811
	Figure 156: Latin & Central America V2X Application Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	812
	Figure 157: Latin & Central America V2X Backend Network Element Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	812
	Figure 158: Latin & Central America V2X Security Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	813
	Figure 159: Latin & Central America V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	813
	Figure 160: Latin & Central America V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	814
	Figure 161: Global V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base by Air Interface Technology: 2019 - 2022 (Thousands of Units)	815 

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