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Published: Sep, 2016 | Pages:
399 | Publisher: SNS Research
Industry: Telecommunications | Report Format: Electronic (PDF)
As a natural upgrade path for mobile operators from the previously detached GSM, CDMA and TD-SCDMA ecosystems, LTE has emerged as the first truly global mobile communications standard. Commonly marketed as the “4G” standard, LTE promises to provide higher data rates and lower latency at a much lower TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) than 3G technologies. The TCO and performance is further enhanced by deployment of small cells and the LTE-Advanced standard, which improves performance and data rates using features such as the aggregation of carriers, interference management and advanced antenna techniques. With over 500 fully commercial network launches, LTE has become a mainstream technology, and a number of mobile operators have already deployed LTE-Advanced technology. SNS Research estimates that LTE service revenues will account for over $600 Billion in 2016. The figure is further expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 5% over the next four years. While LTE and LTE-Advanced deployments are still underway, mobile operators and vendors have already embarked on R&D initiatives to develop so-called “5G” networks, with a vision of commercialization by 2020. 5G is essentially a revolutionary paradigm shift in wireless networking to support the throughput, latency, and scalability requirements of future use cases such as extreme bandwidth augmented reality applications and connectivity management for Billions of M2M (Machine to Machine) devices. By 2020, LTE and 5G infrastructure investments are expected to account for a market worth $32 Billion. This includes spending on distributed macrocells, small cells, C-RAN architecture equipment and mobile core solutions. The “LTE, LTE-Advanced & 5G Ecosystem: 2016 – 2030 – Infrastructure, Devices, Operator Services, Verticals, Strategies & Forecasts” report presents an in-depth assessment of the LTE, LTE-Advanced and 5G ecosystem including key market drivers, challenges, technologies, service revenue potential, deployment strategies, vertical market opportunities, mobile operator case studies, R&D initiatives, future roadmap, value chain, vendor assessment and market share. The report also tracks revenue and shipments for both infrastructure and devices, along with subscription and service revenue from 2016 through to 2030. The report comes with an associated Excel datasheet suite covering quantitative data from all numeric forecasts presented in the report. Topics Covered The report covers the following topics: - LTE/LTE-Advanced technology and market status - 5G technology and R&D commitments - Market drivers and barriers - TCO comparison with legacy technologies - LTE/5G infrastructure, devices, subscriptions and service revenue - Infrastructure and device vendor share - Antenna systems, RAN, mobile core, backhaul and fronthaul deployment strategies - Mobile operator reviews, service models, pricing strategies and LTE/5G deployment case studies - Unlicensed LTE, VoLTE, RCS, eMBMS and M2M services - Vertical markets for LTE/5G networks - Industry roadmap and value chain - Company profiles and strategies of over 90 ecosystem players including infrastructure vendors, device OEMs and mobile operators - Market analysis and forecasts from 2016 till 2030 Forecast Segmentation Market forecasts are provided for each of the following submarkets and their subcategories: LTE/5G Infrastructure Shipments & Revenue - Distributed Macrocell Base Stations - Small Cells - RRHs (Remote Radio Heads) - C-RAN BBUs (Centralized RAN Baseband Units) - Mobile Core LTE/5G Device Shipments & Revenue - Handsets - Tablets - Embedded M2M Modules - USB Dongles - Routers LTE/5G Subscriptions and Service Revenue - FDD LTE - TD-LTE - 5G Private LTE/5G Infrastructure Revenue - Public Safety - Military - Energy & Utilities - Transportation - Mining & Others Regional Markets - Asia Pacific - Eastern Europe - Latin & Central America - Middle East & Africa - North America - Western Europe Key Questions Answered The report provides answers to the following key questions: - How big is the LTE, LTE-Advanced and 5G ecosystem? - How is the ecosystem evolving by segment and region? - What will the market size be in 2020 and at what rate will it grow? - What trends, challenges and barriers are influencing its growth? - Who are the key infrastructure and device vendors, and what are their strategies? - How will FDD LTE investments compare with TD-LTE? - What is the outlook for LTE-Advanced adoption? - What are the future prospects for unlicensed LTE, VoLTE and eMBMS services? - Will future network rollouts adopt a C-RAN architecture? - How will NFV and virtualization affect the EPC market? - What opportunities exist for small cells and how will their proliferation impact the wider LTE/5G infrastructure market? - How much are vendors and operators investing in 5G R&D efforts? - What will be the number of 5G subscriptions in 2020 and at what rate will it grow? - What are the prospects of millimeter wave technology for 5G radio access networking? Key Findings The report has the following key findings: - In 2016, mobile operators will pocket over $600 Billion from commercial LTE service revenues. The figure is further expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 5% over the next four years. - More than 150 LTE operators have already deployed carrier aggregation technology. By 2020, over 50% of all LTE subscribers will be supported by LTE-Advanced networks. - Mobile operators are pursuing a range of technologies including unlicensed LTE (LTE-U, LAA, LWA, MulteFire), VoLTE and eMBMS, as they seek to maximize the value of their LTE investments while addressing mobile data traffic growth. - Although 5G is yet to be standardized, vendors are aggressively investing in 5G development efforts with a principal focus on new air interface transmission schemes, higher frequency bands and advanced antenna technologies such as Massive MIMO and beamforming. - By 2020, LTE and 5G infrastructure investments are expected to account for a market worth $32 Billion. This includes spending on distributed macrocells, small cells, C-RAN architecture equipment and mobile core solutions. List of Companies Mentioned 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) 5G-PPP Abu Dhabi Police Accelerated Concepts Accelleran Adax Affirmed Networks Airspan Networks Airvana Alcatel-Lucent Altiostar Networks Apple Arcadyan Technology Corporation Argela ARItel Artemis Networks ASOCS ASTRI (Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute) ASUS (ASUSTeK Computer) AT&T AT&T Mobility Athonet Axxcelera Broadband Wireless BaiCells BBK Electronics Corporation Beach Energy Belkin International BlackBerry Brocade Communications Systems BT Group Busan Transportation Corporation Casa Systems China Mobile China Southern Power Grid Cisco Systems CommAgility CommScope Connectem Contela Coolpad Core Network Dynamics Datang Group Datang Mobile D-Link Corporation Dovado DT (Deutsche Telekom) Eden Rock Communications EE Ericsson Etisalat ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute) Facebook Fraunhofer Fokus Fujitsu Gemtek Technology Company GENBAND General Dynamics Corporation General Dynamics Mission Systems Gionee Google GWT (Global Wireless Technologies) Harris County Hitachi Home Office, UK HTC Corporation Huawei IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) ip.access ITU (International Telecommunication Union) ITU-R (ITU Radiocommunication Sector) JRC (Japan Radio Company) Juni Global KDDI Corporation KT Corporation Kumu Networks Kyocera Corporation Lemko Corporation Lenovo LG Electronics LG Uplus Linksys LTE-U Forum Luminate Wireless M1 Mavenir Systems MediaTek Meizu Microsoft Corporation Mitel Networks Corporation MOF (Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea) Moseley Associates Motorola Mobility Motorola Solutions MPSS (Ministry of Public Safety and Security, South Korea) MulteFire Alliance NEC Corporation NEC Mobile Communications Netgear New Postcom Equipment Company Nokia Networks Novatel Wireless NTT DoCoMo NuRAN Wireless Nutaq O3b Networks Oceus Networks OPPO Orange Panasonic Corporation Pantech Phluido Polaris Networks Potevio (China Potevio Company) Qatar MOI (Ministry of Interior) Qualcomm Quanta Computer Qucell Quortus Redline Communications Ruckus Wireless Samji Electronics Company Samsung Electronics Samsung Group SerComm Corporation SES Sharp Corporation Sierra Wireless Singtel SK Telecom SK Telesys SoftBank Group Sony Mobile Communications SpiderCloud Wireless Spreadtrum Sprint Corporation Star Solutions STC (Saudi Telecom Company) Sunnada (Fujian Sunnada Communication Company) Tampnet TCL Communication Tecore TEKTELIC Communications Telrad Networks Telum Telus TEN (Texas Energy Network) T-Mobile USA TrustComm U.S. Navy UQ Communications Verizon Communications Verizon Wireless Vivo Vodacom Group Vodafone Group Wi-Fi Alliance WNC (Wistron NeWeb Corporation) Xiaomi Z-com (ZDC Wireless) ZTE ZyXEL Communications Corporation
Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 24 Executive Summary 24 Topics Covered 26 Forecast Segmentation 27 Key Questions Answered 29 Key Findings 30 Methodology 31 Target Audience 32 Companies & Organizations Mentioned 33 Chapter 2: LTE & LTE-Advanced Ecosystem 36 Mobile Broadband Growth 36 LTE Technology & Market Momentum 37 What is LTE? 37 Architectural Overview & Components 37 Underlying Technologies & Key Performance Metrics of LTE 41 Choice of Spectrum Bands 41 Overtaking WiMAX as the Dominant 4G Standard 41 Providing an Upgrade Path for Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 Mobile Operators 42 An Established Market: Over 500 Commercial Deployments 42 Motivation for LTE-Advanced 42 What is LTE-Advanced? 43 Carrier Aggregation 43 Optimizing Small Cell Performance 43 eICIC (Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination) 44 Higher Order MIMO 44 CoMP (Coordinated Multipoint) 44 Unlicensed Spectrum 44 Key Market Drivers: What Factors Are Driving LTE and LTE-Advanced Investments? 45 Growing Traffic Capacity Demands 45 Competitive Operator Landscape: Seizing the $1.3 Trillion Opportunity 46 LTE Value Proposition: Network Performance and Cost Savings 47 Flexible Spectrum & Spectral Efficiency 48 Address 2G/3G Legacy Network Congestion 48 Seamless Interoperability with Legacy Networks 48 Strategic Choice for CDMA & WiMAX Operators: Join Mainstream Ecosystem 48 Bringing Broadband to the Masses: Enabling Cheap Mobile Broadband Connectivity 49 Growing Interest from Vertical Markets 49 Vendor Endorsement 49 Narrow Competition from Competing Standards 50 Challenges & Inhibiters to the Ecosystem 51 Time to Market 51 Operator CapEx 51 Spectrum Congestion 52 Impact of RAN Sharing 52 Social, Political, Economic and Environmental Risks 52 Committing to Initial Investments 53 Roaming Challenges 53 Voice Support: VoLTE Comes to Rescue 53 Investment Returns: The OTT Threat 54 Backhaul Capacity Limitations 54 Chapter 3: LTE & LTE-Advanced Deployment Strategies 55 Antenna & RAN Strategies 55 Single RAN vs. Overlay Deployment 55 Adopting an RRH and FTTA Design 56 Adopting a C-RAN Architecture 57 Optimal Antenna Selection 57 Interference Limitation Strategies 58 Managing Co-Existence with Legacy 3G/2G RF Sites 58 EPC/Mobile Core Strategies 59 Integration of Functions & Virtualization 59 Deployment Architecture Choices 59 Supporting Legacy Networks 60 Integration with IMS 60 Embedding DPI for Policy Enforcement & Network Optimization 60 LTE Backhaul & Fronthaul Strategies 61 Architectural Impact of X2 Interface 61 LTE-Advanced Requirements 61 Growing Backhaul Capacity & Latency Requirements 62 IPsec 62 Technology Options: Fiber, Microwave & Millimeter Wave 63 Developing a HetNet Backhaul Strategy 63 Synchronization and Timing 63 Backhaul Sharing 64 Fronthaul Options: Fiber vs. Wireless 64 Chapter 4: Operator Service Models – Monetizing LTE 65 LTE as an Enhanced Data Offering 65 Driving Consumer Uptake of LTE 65 Enterprise Specific LTE Plans 66 VoLTE & RCS: Enabling Integrated Voice, Video & IM Services 66 Pricing Strategies 67 Layered Service Offering for Enterprises 67 Fixed Broadband Alternative 68 M2M Connectivity 68 Capitalizing on LTE’s Performance Characteristics 68 Impact of Decommissioning 2G/3G Networks 69 Wholesale Services 69 LTE Broadcast & eMBMS: Is there a Business Case Yet? 70 Chapter 5: Unlicensed LTE Networks 71 What is Unlicensed LTE? 71 Key Technologies 71 LTE-U 71 LAA (License Assisted Access) 72 LWA (LTE - Wi-Fi Link Aggregation) 72 MPTCP Based LTE - Wi-Fi Aggregation 73 MulteFire 74 Commercial Prospects 75 Mobile Operator Commitments 76 Wi-Fi Community Concerns 78 Chapter 6: Evolving 5G Ecosystem 79 What is 5G? 79 5G Requirements 79 Data Volume 80 Throughput 80 Response Time & Latency 80 Device Density 80 Availability & Coverage 80 Battery Life 81 Energy Saving & Cost Reduction 81 Development Timeline 81 5G Market Drivers 82 Why the Need for a 5G Standard? 82 Improving Spectrum Utilization 83 Advances in Air Interface Transmission Schemes 83 Gigabit Wireless Connectivity: Supporting Future Services 83 Moving Towards the IoT (Internet of Things): Increasing Device Density 84 Towards a Flatter Network Architecture 84 Challenges & Inhibitors to 5G 84 Skepticism 85 Standardization Challenges: Too Many Stakeholders 85 Spectrum Regulation & Complexities 85 Massive MIMO, Beamforming & Antenna Technology Issues 85 Higher Frequencies Mean New Infrastructure 86 Complex Performance Requirements 86 Energy Efficiency & Technology Scaling 86 5G Applications & Use Cases 87 Extreme Bandwidth Applications: Video, Internet Gaming & Augmented Reality 87 MTC/M2M, IoT & Ubiquitous Communications 87 Short-burst Traffic 88 Vertical Industries & Safety Critical Domains 88 Chapter 7: Enabling Technologies for 5G 89 Key Technologies & Concepts 89 Air Interface: Waveform Options 89 Millimeter Wave Radio Access 90 Massive MIMO 90 Phased Array Antennas 91 Beamforming 92 D2D (Device to Device) Communications 92 Self-Backhauling & Mesh Networking 93 Cognitive Radio & Spectrum Sensing 93 Unlicensed Spectrum Usage 94 LSA (Licensed Shared Access) 94 Spectrum Aggregation 95 Integration of VLC (Visible Light Communication) 96 Complimentary Technologies 96 NFV & SDN 96 HetNet & C-RAN Architecture 98 Cloud RAN 99 MEC (Mobile Edge Computing) 101 Drones & Satellites 101 Satellite Integration in 5G Networks 101 Google and Facebook’s Drone Ambitions 102 Interest from Mobile Operators 102 How Much is Being Invested in 5G R&D 103 R&D Investments by Technology 104 New Waveforms & Millimeter Wave Radio Access 105 MIMO, Beamforming & Antenna Technologies 106 Interference & Spectrum Management 107 C-RAN, Virtualization & Other Technologies 108 Chapter 8: Vertical Markets for LTE & 5G Networks 109 Vertical Market Opportunities: Capitalizing on LTE & 5G 109 Private LTE & 5G Network Investments 109 Key Vertical Markets 111 Automotive & Transportation 111 Energy & Utilities 114 Healthcare 115 Public Safety 116 Military 118 Mining 119 Smart Cities 121 Other Sectors 121 Vertical Market Case Studies 123 Abu Dhabi Police 123 Beach Energy 124 Busan Transportation Corporation 126 China Southern Power Grid 127 Harris County 128 Qatar MOI (Ministry of Interior) 129 South Korea’s National Disaster Safety Communications Network 130 Tampnet 132 TEN (Texas Energy Network) 133 U.S. Navy 134 Chapter 9: Industry Roadmap & Value Chain 136 Industry Roadmap 136 2016 - 2020: Large Scale LTE-Advanced Rollouts 136 2020 - 2025: The Cloud RAN Era - Moving Towards C-RAN and Virtualization 137 2025 - 2030: Continued Investments with 5G Network Rollouts 138 Value Chain 138 Embedded Technology Ecosystem 138 Chipset Developers 138 Embedded Component/Software Providers 139 Device Ecosystem 139 Mobile Device OEMs 139 RAN Ecosystem 139 Macrocell RAN OEMs 139 Pure-Play Small Cell OEMs 141 Wi-Fi Access Point OEMs 141 DAS & Repeater Solution Providers 141 C-RAN Solution Providers 141 Other Technology Providers 142 Transport Networking Ecosystem 142 Backhaul & Fronthaul Solution Providers 142 Mobile Core Ecosystem 142 Mobile Core Solution Providers 142 Connectivity Ecosystem 143 Mobile Operators 143 Wi-Fi Connectivity Providers 143 SCaaS (Small Cells as a Service) Providers 143 SON Ecosystem 144 SON Solution Providers 144 SDN & NFV Ecosystem 144 SDN & NFV Providers 144 Chapter 10: Vendor & Operator Landscape 145 LTE Infrastructure 145 Accelleran 145 Adax 146 Affirmed Networks 147 Airspan Networks 148 Altiostar Networks 149 Arcadyan Technology Corporation 150 Argela 151 ARItel 152 Artemis Networks 153 ASOCS 154 Athonet 155 Axxcelera Broadband Wireless 156 BaiCells 157 Brocade Communications Systems 158 Casa Systems 159 Cisco Systems 160 CommScope 162 Contela 163 Core Network Dynamics 164 Datang Mobile 165 Ericsson 166 Fujitsu 168 Gemtek Technology Company 170 GENBAND 171 General Dynamics Mission Systems 172 Google 173 GWT (Global Wireless Technologies) 174 Hitachi 175 Huawei 176 ip.access 178 JRC (Japan Radio Company) 179 Juni Global 180 Kumu Networks 181 Lemko Corporation 182 Luminate Wireless 183 Mitel Networks Corporation 184 NEC Corporation 185 New Postcom Equipment Company 187 Nokia Networks 188 Nutaq 190 Oceus Networks 191 Phluido 192 Polaris Networks 193 Potevio (China Potevio Company) 194 Quanta Computer 195 Qucell 196 Quortus 197 Redline Communications 198 Samji Electronics Company 199 Samsung Electronics 200 SerComm Corporation 202 SK Telesys 203 SpiderCloud Wireless 204 Star Solutions 205 Sunnada (Fujian Sunnada Communication Company) 206 Tecore 207 TEKTELIC Communications 208 Telrad Networks 209 Telum 210 WNC (Wistron NeWeb Corporation) 211 Z-com (ZDC Wireless) 212 ZTE 213 ZyXEL Communications Corporation 215 LTE Devices 216 Accelerated Concepts 216 Apple 217 ASUS (ASUSTeK Computer) 218 BBK Electronics Corporation 219 Belkin International 220 BlackBerry 221 Coolpad 222 D-Link Corporation 223 Dovado 224 Fujitsu 225 Gionee 226 HTC Corporation 227 Huawei 228 Kyocera Corporation 229 Lenovo 230 LG Electronics 231 Meizu 232 Microsoft Corporation 233 NEC Mobile Communications 234 Netgear 235 Novatel Wireless 236 Panasonic Corporation 237 Pantech 238 Samsung Electronics 239 Sharp Corporation 240 Sierra Wireless 241 Sony Mobile Communications 242 TCL Communication 243 Xiaomi 244 ZTE 245 LTE Operators 246 AT&T 246 China Mobile 248 EE 249 KDDI Corporation 251 KT Corporation 252 LG Uplus 254 NTT DoCoMo 255 SK Telecom 257 SoftBank Group 259 Verizon Communications 260 Chapter 11: Market Analysis & Forecasts 262 Global LTE Infrastructure Shipments & Revenue 262 Submarket Segmentation 263 Regional Segmentation 263 LTE Distributed Macrocell Base Stations 264 FDD vs. TDD Segmentation 265 FDD LTE Macrocell Base Stations 266 TD-LTE Macrocell Base Stations 267 Regional Segmentation 268 LTE Small Cells 269 FDD vs. TDD Segmentation 270 FDD LTE Small Cells 271 TD-LTE Small Cells 272 Form Factor Segmentation 273 LTE Femtocells 274 LTE Picocells 275 LTE Microcells 276 Use Case Segmentation 277 Residential LTE Small Cells 278 Enterprise LTE Small Cells 279 Urban LTE Small Cells 280 Rural & Suburban LTE Small Cells 281 Deployment Model Segmentation 282 Indoor LTE Small Cells 283 Outdoor LTE Small Cells 284 Regional Segmentation 285 LTE C-RAN Architecture Infrastructure 286 Submarket Segmentation 286 LTE RRH 287 Deployment Model Segmentation 288 Indoor LTE RRH 289 Outdoor LTE RRH 290 LTE C-RAN BBU 291 Regional Segmentation 292 EPC 294 Regional Segmentation 294 Global 5G Infrastructure Shipments & Revenue 295 Submarket Segmentation 296 Regional Segmentation 296 5G Distributed Macrocell Base Stations 297 5G Small Cells 298 5G C-RAN Architecture Infrastructure 299 Submarket Segmentation 299 5G RRH 300 5G C-RAN BBU 301 5G Mobile Core 302 Global LTE Device Shipments & Revenue 303 FDD vs. TDD Segmentation 304 FDD LTE Devices 305 TD-LTE Devices 306 Form Factor Segmentation 307 Handsets 308 Tablets 309 Embedded M2M Modules 310 USB Dongles 311 Routers 312 Regional Segmentation 313 Global 5G Device Shipments & Revenue 314 Form Factor Segmentation 315 Handsets 316 Tablets 317 Embedded M2M Modules 318 USB Dongles 319 Routers 320 Regional Segmentation 321 Global LTE Subscriptions & Service Revenue 322 FDD vs. TDD Segmentation 323 FDD LTE Subscriptions 324 TD-LTE Subscriptions 325 Regional Segmentation 326 Global 5G Subscriptions & Service Revenue 327 Regional Segmentation 328 Asia Pacific 329 LTE Infrastructure 329 LTE Distributed Macrocell Base Stations 329 LTE Small Cells 330 LTE C-RAN Architecture Infrastructure 331 EPC 333 5G Infrastructure 334 LTE Devices 334 5G Devices 335 LTE Subscriptions & Service Revenue 336 5G Subscriptions & Service Revenue 337 Eastern Europe 339 LTE Infrastructure 339 LTE Distributed Macrocell Base Stations 339 LTE Small Cells 340 LTE C-RAN Architecture Infrastructure 341 EPC 343 5G Infrastructure 344 LTE Devices 344 5G Devices 345 LTE Subscriptions & Service Revenue 346 5G Subscriptions & Service Revenue 347 Latin & Central America 349 LTE Infrastructure 349 LTE Distributed Macrocell Base Stations 349 LTE Small Cells 350 LTE C-RAN Architecture Infrastructure 351 EPC 353 5G Infrastructure 354 LTE Devices 354 5G Devices 355 LTE Subscriptions & Service Revenue 356 5G Subscriptions & Service Revenue 357 Middle East & Africa 359 LTE Infrastructure 359 LTE Distributed Macrocell Base Stations 359 LTE Small Cells 360 LTE C-RAN Architecture Infrastructure 361 EPC 363 5G Infrastructure 364 LTE Devices 364 5G Devices 365 LTE Subscriptions & Service Revenue 366 5G Subscriptions & Service Revenue 367 North America 369 LTE Infrastructure 369 LTE Distributed Macrocell Base Stations 369 LTE Small Cells 370 LTE C-RAN Architecture Infrastructure 371 EPC 373 5G Infrastructure 374 LTE Devices 374 5G Devices 375 LTE Subscriptions & Service Revenue 376 5G Subscriptions & Service Revenue 377 Western Europe 379 LTE Infrastructure 379 LTE Distributed Macrocell Base Stations 379 LTE Small Cells 380 LTE C-RAN Architecture Infrastructure 381 EPC 383 5G Infrastructure 384 LTE Devices 384 5G Devices 385 LTE Subscriptions & Service Revenue 386 5G Subscriptions & Service Revenue 387 Chapter 12: Infrastructure, Devices, Operator Services & Verticals Summary 389 Infrastructure 389 Commercial Availability 389 RAN Vendor Share: Who Leads the Market? 389 The Outlook for Tier 2 Vendors: Samsung and Fujitsu Lead the Market 390 Impact of Small Cells & Unlicensed Spectrum 390 EPC Vendor Share 391 How will NFV Affect the EPC Market? 391 Devices 392 Commercial Device Availability 392 Are Smartphones the Most Dominant Form Factor? 392 Vendor Share: Who Leads the Market? 392 What About Chipsets? 392 Subscriptions & Operator Services 393 Economic Downturn: Initial Deployment Delays 393 Commercial Availability 393 How Big is the LTE Service Revenue Opportunity? 394 Vertical Market Opportunities 395 Outlook for LTE-Advanced 396 Moving Beyond Carrier Aggregation 397 Outlook for LTE Broadcast & eMBMS 397 Outlook for VoLTE & RCS 398
List of Figures Figure 1: LTE Architecture 45 Figure 2: E-UTRAN Architecture 46 Figure 3: EPC Architecture 47 Figure 4: Functional Split between E-UTRAN and the EPC 48 Figure 5: Annual Throughput of Mobile Network Data Traffic by Region: 2016 - 2030 (Exabytes) 53 Figure 7: Mobile Network Service Revenue by Region: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 54 Figure 8: TCO Comparison for 2G, 3G, LTE and HetNet Deployments ($ per GB) 55 Figure 8: RRH & FTTA Design 64 Figure 9: Legacy RAN to C-RAN Architectural Migration 65 Figure 11: Global Unlicensed LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 83 Figure 12: Global Unlicensed LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 84 Figure 12: 5G Requirements 87 Figure 13: IMT-2020 Development Roadmap 90 Figure 14: Potential Waveform Options for 5G 97 Figure 15: D2D Communication Scenarios 101 Figure 16: LSA Concept 103 Figure 17: NFV Concept 105 Figure 18: C-RAN Architecture 106 Figure 19: Cloud RAN Concept 108 Figure 20: Global 5G R&D Investments: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 111 Figure 21: Global 5G R&D Investments by Technology: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 112 Figure 22: Global 5G R&D Investments on New Waveforms & Millimeter Wave Radio Access: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 113 Figure 23: Global 5G R&D Investments on MIMO, Beamforming & Antenna Technologies: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 114 Figure 24: Global 5G R&D Investments on Interference & Spectrum Management: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 115 Figure 25: Global 5G R&D Investments on C-RAN, Virtualization & Other Technologies: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 116 Figure 26: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Revenue by Vertical: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 118 Figure 27: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Investments in the Transportation Sector: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 120 Figure 28: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Investments in the Energy & Utilities Sector: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 122 Figure 29: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Investments in the Public Safety Sector: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 125 Figure 30: Military LTE Network Architecture 126 Figure 31: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Investments in the Military Sector: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 127 Figure 32: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Investments in Mining & Other Sectors: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 128 Figure 33: The LTE & 5G Industry Roadmap: 2016 - 2030 144 Figure 34: Wireless Network Infrastructure Value Chain 148 Figure 35: Global LTE Infrastructure Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 270 Figure 36: Global LTE Infrastructure Revenue by Submarket: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 271 Figure 37: LTE Infrastructure Revenue by Region: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 271 Figure 38: Global LTE Macrocell Base Station Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 272 Figure 39: Global LTE Macrocell Base Station Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 272 Figure 40: Global LTE Macrocell Base Station Unit Shipments by Technology: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 273 Figure 41: Global LTE Macrocell Base Station Unit Shipment Revenue by Technology: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 273 Figure 42: Global FDD LTE Macrocell Base Station Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 274 Figure 43: Global FDD LTE Macrocell Base Station Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 274 Figure 44: Global TD-LTE Macrocell Base Station Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 275 Figure 45: Global TD-LTE Macrocell Base Station Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 275 Figure 46: LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipments by Region: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 276 Figure 47: LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipment Revenue by Region: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 276 Figure 48: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 277 Figure 49: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 277 Figure 50: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments by Technology: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 278 Figure 51: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by Technology: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 278 Figure 52: Global FDD LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 279 Figure 53: Global FDD LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 279 Figure 54: Global TD-LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 280 Figure 55: Global TD-LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 280 Figure 56: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments by Form Factor: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 281 Figure 57: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by Form Factor: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 281 Figure 58: Global LTE Femtocell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 282 Figure 59: Global LTE Femtocell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 282 Figure 60: Global LTE Picocell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 283 Figure 61: Global LTE Picocell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 283 Figure 62: Global LTE Microcell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 284 Figure 63: Global LTE Microcell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 284 Figure 64: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments by Use Case: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 285 Figure 65: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by Use Case: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 285 Figure 66: Global Residential LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 286 Figure 67: Global Residential LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 286 Figure 68: Global Enterprise LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 287 Figure 69: Global Enterprise LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 287 Figure 70: Global Urban LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 288 Figure 71: Global Urban LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 288 Figure 72: Global Rural & Suburban LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 289 Figure 73: Global Rural & Suburban LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 289 Figure 74: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments by Deployment Model: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 290 Figure 75: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by Deployment Model: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 290 Figure 76: Global Indoor LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 291 Figure 77: Global Indoor LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 291 Figure 78: Global Outdoor LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 292 Figure 79: Global Outdoor LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 292 Figure 80: LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments by Region: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 293 Figure 81: LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 293 Figure 82: Global LTE C-RAN Infrastructure Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 294 Figure 83: Global LTE C-RAN Infrastructure Revenue by Submarket: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 294 Figure 84: Global LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 295 Figure 85: Global LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 295 Figure 86: Global LTE RRH Unit Shipments by Deployment Model: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 296 Figure 87: Global LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue by Deployment Model: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 296 Figure 88: Global Indoor LTE RRH Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 297 Figure 89: Global Indoor LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 297 Figure 90: Global Outdoor LTE RRH Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 298 Figure 91: Global Outdoor LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 298 Figure 92: Global LTE C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 299 Figure 93: Global LTE C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 299 Figure 94: LTE RRH Unit Shipments by Region: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 300 Figure 95: LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 300 Figure 96: C-RAN LTE BBU Shipments by Region: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 301 Figure 97: C-RAN LTE BBU Shipment Revenue by Region: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 301 Figure 98: Global LTE Mobile Core (EPC) Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 302 Figure 99: LTE Mobile Core (EPC) Revenue by Region: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 302 Figure 100: Global 5G Infrastructure Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 303 Figure 101: Global 5G Infrastructure Revenue by Submarket: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 304 Figure 102: 5G Infrastructure Revenue by Region: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 304 Figure 103: Global 5G Macrocell Base Station Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 305 Figure 104: Global 5G Macrocell Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 305 Figure 105: Global 5G Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 306 Figure 106: Global 5G Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 306 Figure 107: Global 5G C-RAN Infrastructure Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 307 Figure 108: Global 5G C-RAN Infrastructure Revenue by Submarket: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 307 Figure 109: Global 5G RRH Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 308 Figure 110: Global 5G RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 308 Figure 111: Global 5G C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 309 Figure 112: Global 5G C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 309 Figure 113: Global 5G Mobile Core Investments: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 310 Figure 114: Global LTE Device Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 311 Figure 115: Global LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 311 Figure 116: Global LTE Device Unit Shipments by Technology: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 312 Figure 117: Global LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue by Technology: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 312 Figure 118: Global FDD LTE Device Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 313 Figure 119: Global FDD LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 313 Figure 120: Global TD-LTE Device Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 314 Figure 121: Global TD-LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 314 Figure 122: Global LTE Device Unit Shipments by Form Factor: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 315 Figure 123: Global LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue by Form Factor: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 315 Figure 124: Global LTE Handset Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 316 Figure 125: Global LTE Handset Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 316 Figure 126: Global LTE Tablet Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 317 Figure 127: Global LTE Tablet Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 317 Figure 128: Global LTE Embedded M2M Module Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 318 Figure 129: Global LTE Embedded M2M Module Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 318 Figure 130: Global LTE USB Dongle Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 319 Figure 131: Global LTE USB Dongle Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 319 Figure 132: Global LTE Router Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 320 Figure 133: Global LTE Router Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 320 Figure 134: LTE Device Unit Shipments by Region: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 321 Figure 135: LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 321 Figure 136: Global 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 322 Figure 137: Global 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 322 Figure 138: Global 5G Device Unit Shipments by Form Factor: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 323 Figure 139: Global 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue by Form Factor: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 323 Figure 140: Global 5G Handset Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 324 Figure 141: Global 5G Handset Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 324 Figure 142: Global 5G Tablet Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 325 Figure 143: Global 5G Tablet Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 325 Figure 144: Global 5G Embedded M2M Module Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 326 Figure 145: Global 5G Embedded M2M Module Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 326 Figure 146: Global 5G USB Dongle Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 327 Figure 147: Global 5G USB Dongle Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 327 Figure 148: Global 5G Router Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 328 Figure 149: Global 5G Router Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 328 Figure 150: 5G Device Unit Shipments by Region: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 329 Figure 151: 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 329 Figure 152: Global LTE Subscriptions: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 330 Figure 153: Global LTE Service Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 330 Figure 154: Global LTE Subscriptions by Technology: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 331 Figure 155: Global LTE Service Revenue by Technology: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 331 Figure 156: Global FDD LTE Subscriptions: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 332 Figure 157: Global FDD LTE Service Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 332 Figure 158: Global TD-LTE Subscriptions: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 333 Figure 159: Global TD-LTE Service Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 333 Figure 160: LTE Subscriptions by Region: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 334 Figure 161: LTE Service Revenue by Region: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 334 Figure 162: Global 5G Subscriptions: 2020 - 2030 (Millions) 335 Figure 163: Global 5G Service Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 335 Figure 164: 5G Subscriptions by Region: 2020 - 2030 (Millions) 336 Figure 165: 5G Service Revenue by Region: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 336 Figure 166: Asia Pacific LTE Infrastructure Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 337 Figure 167: Asia Pacific LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 337 Figure 168: Asia Pacific LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 338 Figure 169: Asia Pacific LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 338 Figure 170: Asia Pacific LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 339 Figure 171: Asia Pacific LTE RRH Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 339 Figure 172: Asia Pacific LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 340 Figure 173: Asia Pacific C-RAN LTE BBU Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 340 Figure 174: Asia Pacific C-RAN LTE BBU Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 341 Figure 175: Asia Pacific LTE Mobile Core (EPC) Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 341 Figure 176: Asia Pacific 5G Infrastructure Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 342 Figure 177: Asia Pacific LTE Device Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 342 Figure 178: Asia Pacific LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 343 Figure 179: Asia Pacific 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 343 Figure 180: Asia Pacific 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 344 Figure 181: Asia Pacific LTE Subscriptions: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 344 Figure 182: Asia Pacific LTE Service Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 345 Figure 183: Asia Pacific 5G Subscriptions: 2020 - 2030 (Millions) 345 Figure 184: Asia Pacific 5G Service Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 346 Figure 185: Eastern Europe LTE Infrastructure Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 347 Figure 186: Eastern Europe LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 347 Figure 187: Eastern Europe LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 348 Figure 188: Eastern Europe LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 348 Figure 189: Eastern Europe LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 349 Figure 190: Eastern Europe LTE RRH Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 349 Figure 191: Eastern Europe LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 350 Figure 192: Eastern Europe C-RAN LTE BBU Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 350 Figure 193: Eastern Europe C-RAN LTE BBU Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 351 Figure 194: Eastern Europe LTE Mobile Core (EPC) Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 351 Figure 195: Eastern Europe 5G Infrastructure Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 352 Figure 196: Eastern Europe LTE Device Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 352 Figure 197: Eastern Europe LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 353 Figure 198: Eastern Europe 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 353 Figure 199: Eastern Europe 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 354 Figure 200: Eastern Europe LTE Subscriptions: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 354 Figure 201: Eastern Europe LTE Service Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 355 Figure 202: Eastern Europe 5G Subscriptions: 2020 - 2030 (Millions) 355 Figure 203: Eastern Europe 5G Service Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 356 Figure 204: Latin & Central America LTE Infrastructure Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 357 Figure 205: Latin & Central America LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 357 Figure 206: Latin & Central America LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 358 Figure 207: Latin & Central America LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 358 Figure 208: Latin & Central America LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 359 Figure 209: Latin & Central America LTE RRH Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 359 Figure 210: Latin & Central America LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 360 Figure 211: Latin & Central America C-RAN LTE BBU Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 360 Figure 212: Latin & Central America C-RAN LTE BBU Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 361 Figure 213: Latin & Central America LTE Mobile Core (EPC) Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 361 Figure 214: Latin & Central America 5G Infrastructure Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 362 Figure 215: Latin & Central America LTE Device Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 362 Figure 216: Latin & Central America LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 363 Figure 217: Latin & Central America 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 363 Figure 218: Latin & Central America 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 364 Figure 219: Latin & Central America LTE Subscriptions: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 364 Figure 220: Latin & Central America LTE Service Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 365 Figure 221: Latin & Central America 5G Subscriptions: 2020 - 2030 (Millions) 365 Figure 222: Latin & Central America 5G Service Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 366 Figure 223: Middle East & Africa LTE Infrastructure Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 367 Figure 224: Middle East & Africa LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 367 Figure 225: Middle East & Africa LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 368 Figure 226: Middle East & Africa LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 368 Figure 227: Middle East & Africa LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 369 Figure 228: Middle East & Africa LTE RRH Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 369 Figure 229: Middle East & Africa LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 370 Figure 230: Middle East & Africa C-RAN LTE BBU Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 370 Figure 231: Middle East & Africa C-RAN LTE BBU Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 371 Figure 232: Middle East & Africa LTE Mobile Core (EPC) Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 371 Figure 233: Middle East & Africa 5G Infrastructure Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 372 Figure 234: Middle East & Africa LTE Device Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 372 Figure 235: Middle East & Africa LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 373 Figure 236: Middle East & Africa 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 373 Figure 237: Middle East & Africa 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 374 Figure 238: Middle East & Africa LTE Subscriptions: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 374 Figure 239: Middle East & Africa LTE Service Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 375 Figure 240: Middle East & Africa 5G Subscriptions: 2020 - 2030 (Millions) 375 Figure 241: Middle East & Africa 5G Service Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 376 Figure 242: North America LTE Infrastructure Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 377 Figure 243: North America LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 377 Figure 244: North America LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 378 Figure 245: North America LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 378 Figure 246: North America LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 379 Figure 247: North America LTE RRH Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 379 Figure 248: North America LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 380 Figure 249: North America C-RAN LTE BBU Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 380 Figure 250: North America C-RAN LTE BBU Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 381 Figure 251: North America LTE Mobile Core (EPC) Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 381 Figure 252: North America 5G Infrastructure Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 382 Figure 253: North America LTE Device Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 382 Figure 254: North America LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 383 Figure 255: North America 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 383 Figure 256: North America 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 384 Figure 257: North America LTE Subscriptions: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 384 Figure 258: North America LTE Service Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 385 Figure 259: North America 5G Subscriptions: 2020 - 2030 (Millions) 385 Figure 260: North America 5G Service Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 386 Figure 261: Western Europe LTE Infrastructure Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 387 Figure 262: Western Europe LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 387 Figure 263: Western Europe LTE Macrocell Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 388 Figure 264: Western Europe LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 388 Figure 265: Western Europe LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 389 Figure 266: Western Europe LTE RRH Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 389 Figure 267: Western Europe LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 390 Figure 268: Western Europe C-RAN LTE BBU Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 390 Figure 269: Western Europe C-RAN LTE BBU Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 391 Figure 270: Western Europe LTE Mobile Core (EPC) Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 391 Figure 271: Western Europe 5G Infrastructure Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Million) 392 Figure 272: Western Europe LTE Device Unit Shipments: 2016 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 392 Figure 273: Western Europe LTE Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 393 Figure 274: Western Europe 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2020 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 393 Figure 275: Western Europe 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 394 Figure 276: Western Europe LTE Subscriptions: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 394 Figure 277: Western Europe LTE Service Revenue: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 395 Figure 278: Western Europe 5G Subscriptions: 2020 - 2030 (Millions) 395 Figure 279: Western Europe 5G Service Revenue: 2020 - 2030 ($ Billion) 396 Figure 280: Global LTE & 5G Service Revenue by Technology: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 402 Figure 281: Global Private vs. Commercial LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Investments: 2016 - 2030 ($ Million) 403 Figure 282: Global LTE Service Revenue by Network Type: 2016 - 2030 ($ Billion) 404 Figure 283: Global VoLTE Subscriptions: 2016 - 2030 (Millions) 407
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