The HetNet Ecosystem (Small Cells, Carrier Wi-Fi, C-RAN & DAS): 2017 - 2030 - Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts

Published: Jun, 2017 | Pages: 1000 | Publisher: SNS Research
Industry: ICT | Report Format: Electronic (PDF)

Driven by the growing demand for in-building wireless coverage and the huge influx of mobile data traffic, conventional macrocells alone are no longer deemed sufficient to handle the needs of today's wireless subscribers. In addition, the imminent adoption of centimeter and millimeter wave spectrum, to support higher data rates in 5G networks, necessitates the usage of much smaller cell sizes.

To cope with growing capacity and coverage requirements, mobile operators are significantly increasing their investments in a variety of Heterogeneous Network or HetNet infrastructure technologies such as strategically deployed small cells, carrier Wi-Fi and DAS (Distributed Antenna System) networks. Adding further to the heterogeneity is the shift towards C-RAN (Centralized RAN) architecture, where centralized baseband functionality is shared across a large number of distributed radio nodes to deliver benefits such as resource pooling, multi-cell coordination, network extensibility and energy efficiency.

SNS Research estimates that global investments on small cells, carrier Wi-Fi, C-RAN and DAS will reach more than $15 Billion by the end of 2017, as mobile operators remain committed to tackle the continued growth of mobile data traffic and evolving coverage requirements. At present, the HetNet market is facing a paradigm shift with multiple advancements ranging from small cell virtualization and neutral hosting to the adoption of unlicensed and shared spectrum. In conjunction with 5G and LTE Advanced network rollouts, these advancements will fuel the market to grow at a CAGR of over 18% between 2017 and 2020.

The “HetNet Ecosystem (Small Cells, Carrier Wi-Fi, C-RAN & DAS): 2017 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts” report presents an in-depth assessment of the HetNet ecosystem including enabling technologies, key trends, market drivers, challenges, standardization, regulatory landscape, deployment models, use cases, vertical markets, service provider case studies, opportunities, future roadmap, value chain, ecosystem player profiles and strategies. The report also presents forecasts for HetNet infrastructure investments from 2017 till 2030. The forecasts cover 6 individual submarkets and 6 regions.

The report comes with an associated Excel datasheet suite covering quantitative data from all numeric forecasts presented in the report.

Topics Covered
The report covers the following topics:
 - HetNet ecosystem
 - Market drivers and barriers
 - Enabling technologies and key architectural components for small cells, carrier Wi-Fi, C-RAN and DAS
 - Integration, offloading and SON (Self-Organizing Network) technologies
 - Key trends including RAN disaggregation; small cell virtualization; unlicensed and shared spectrum usage; and neutral hosting
 - Complementary technologies and concepts including millimeter wave radio access; MEC (Mobile Edge Computing); FWA (Fixed Wireless Access); control and user plane separation; and network slicing
 - Small cell backhaul and C-RAN fronthaul technologies
 - HetNet use cases and deployment models including SCaaS (Small Cells-as-a-Service)
 - Enterprise RAN; rural small cells; and tactical small cells for military and public safety applications
 - Over 30 case studies of service provider HetNet deployments
 - Regulatory landscape and standardization
 - Industry roadmap and value chain
 - Profiles and strategies of over 500 leading ecosystem players 
 - Strategic recommendations for HetNet infrastructure vendors and mobile operators
 - Market analysis and forecasts from 2017 till 2030

Forecast Segmentation
Market forecasts are provided for each of the following submarkets and their subcategories:
Small Cells
Air Interface Technology Segmentation
 - 2G & 3G
 - LTE
 - 5G NR (New Radio)

Deployment Model Segmentation
 - Indoor
 - Outdoor

RAN Architecture Segmentation
 - Standalone
 - C-RAN

Use Case Segmentation
 - Residential
 - Enterprise
 - Urban
 - Rural & Suburban

Cell Size Segmentation
 - Femtocells
 - Picocells
 - Microcells

Small Cell Backhaul
Technology Segmentation
 - DSL
 - Ethernet
 - Microwave
 - Millimeter Wave
 - Satellite
 - Fiber & Others

Carrier Wi-Fi
Submarket Segmentation
 - Access Points
 - Access Point Controllers

Integration Approach Segmentation
 - Standalone Wi-Fi Hotspots
 - Managed Wi-Fi Offload

C-RAN
Air Interface Technology Segmentation
 - 3G & LTE
 - 5G NR

Deployment Model Segmentation
 - Indoor
 - Outdoor

Cell Size Segmentation
 - Small Cells
 - Macrocells

Submarket Segmentation
 - BBUs (Baseband Units)
 - RRHs (Remote Radio Heads)

C-RAN Fronthaul
Technology Segmentation
 - Dedicated Fiber
 - WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
 - OTN (Optical Transport Network)
 - PON (Passive Optical Network)
 - Ethernet
 - Microwave
 - Millimeter Wave
 - G.Fast & Others

DAS
Deployment Model Segmentation
 - Indoor
 - Outdoor

Regional Markets
 - Asia Pacific
 - Eastern Europe
 - Latin & Central America
 - Middle East & Africa
 - North America
 - Western Europe

Key Questions Answered 
The report provides answers to the following key questions:
 - How big is the HetNet opportunity?
 - What trends, challenges and barriers are influencing its growth?
 - How is the ecosystem evolving by segment and region?
 - What will the market size be in 2020 and at what rate will it grow?
 - Which submarkets will see the highest percentage of growth?
 - How can HetNet infrastructure investments improve wireless coverage and alleviate congestion in mobile operator networks?
 - Can virtualized small cells reduce the TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) of HetNet deployments?
 - How are mobile operators leveraging small cells to deliver cost-effective wireless coverage in rural areas?
 - What is the commercial status of unlicensed and shared spectrum technologies?
 - How are small cell, DAS and Wi-Fi specialists addressing requirements for multi-operator neutral host networks?
 - What are the prospects of microwave and millimeter wave transport networking platforms for small cell backhaul and C-RAN fronthaul?
 - Will mobile operators adopt WiGig and other non-3GPP technologies to complement 5G network rollouts?
 - Who are the key market players, what is their market share and what are their strategies?
 - What strategies should HetNet infrastructure vendors and mobile operators adopt to remain competitive?

Key Findings 
The report has the following key findings: 
 - SNS Research estimates that global investments on small cells, carrier Wi-Fi, C-RAN and DAS will reach more than $15 Billion by the end of 2017, as mobile operators remain committed to tackle the continued growth of mobile data traffic and evolving coverage requirements.
 - At present, the HetNet market is facing a paradigm shift with multiple advancements ranging from small cell virtualization and neutral hosting to the adoption of unlicensed and shared spectrum.
 - In conjunction with 5G and LTE Advanced network rollouts, these advancements will fuel the market to grow at a CAGR of over 18% between 2017 and 2020.
 - By virtualizing small cells, mobile operators can immediately evaluate the benefits of RAN virtualization with no major impact on their larger macrocell RAN footprint. SNS research estimates that global spending on virtualized small cells will surpass $1 Billion annually by 2020.
 - Unlicensed and shared spectrum small cells are also beginning to gain traction, with shipment revenues potentially reaching $240 Million by the end of 2020.
 - The vendor arena is continuing to consolidate with several prominent M&A deals such as CCI's (Communication Components, Inc.) acquisition of BLiNQ Networks and Mavenir's merger with Ranzure Networks.

 Table of Contents

1	Chapter 1: Introduction	47
1.1	Executive Summary	47
1.2	Topics Covered	49
1.3	Forecast Segmentation	50
1.4	Key Questions Answered	53
1.5	Key Findings	54
1.6	Methodology	55
1.7	Target Audience	56
1.8	Companies & Organizations Mentioned	57
		
2	Chapter 2: An Overview of Small Cells, Carrier Wi-Fi, C-RAN & DAS	64
2.1	An Evolving Heterogeneous Networking Ecosystem	64
2.1.1	The Growing Demand for Mobile Broadband	64
2.1.2	Is LTE the Answer to All Capacity Problems?	64
2.1.3	HetNets: An Evolution of Network Topology	65
2.2	Small Cells	66
2.2.1	What Are Small Cells?	66
2.2.2	Why Deploy Small Cells?	66
2.2.3	Small Cell Categories	68
2.2.3.1	Femtocells	68
2.2.3.2	Picocells	69
2.2.3.3	Microcells	69
2.3	Carrier Wi-Fi	70
2.3.1	Carrier Wi-Fi Integration Approaches	71
2.3.2	Standalone Hotspots	71
2.3.3	Managed Offload	71
2.3.3.1	SIM-Based Wi-Fi Offload	71
2.3.3.2	RAN Integrated Wi-Fi Access	71
2.4	C-RAN (Centralized RAN)	72
2.4.1	What is C-RAN?	72
2.4.2	Architectural Benefits and Challenges	72
2.4.3	Key Architectural Components	73
2.4.3.1	RRHs (Remote Radio Heads)	73
2.4.3.2	BBUs (Baseband Units)	73
2.4.3.3	Fronthaul	74
2.5	Cloud RAN: Virtualizing C-RAN	75
2.5.1	Leveraging Commodity Technologies	76
2.5.2	Moving RAN to the Cloud	76
2.6	DAS (Distributed Antenna System)	77
2.6.1	What is DAS?	77
2.6.2	Passive DAS	78
2.6.3	Active DAS	79
2.6.4	Hybrid DAS	80
2.7	Other Options for Offloading Mobile Network Coverage and Capacity	81
2.7.1	Macrocell Network and Spectrum Expansion	81
2.7.2	Caching & Mobile CDNs (Content Delivery Networks)	81
2.8	The Business Case: Key Market Drivers	82
2.8.1	Capacity & Coverage Improvement: Addressing the Mobile Data Traffic Tsunami	82
2.8.2	Endorsement from the Mobile Operator Community	83
2.8.3	In-Building & Enterprise Coverage Requirements	84
2.8.4	Capacity Offload in Congested Urban Environments	84
2.8.5	Cost-Effective Rural Coverage	85
2.8.6	CapEx Savings	85
2.8.7	Non-Expandability of Macrocell Networks	85
2.8.8	Impact of 5G Rollouts	86
2.9	Challenges & Inhibitors to the HetNet Ecosystem	86
2.9.1	Interference with Macrocell Infrastructure & Spectrum Constraints	86
2.9.2	Conflicting HetNet Offerings	86
2.9.3	Fronthaul & Backhaul Investments	87
2.9.4	Migration from Legacy Architectures	87
2.9.5	Economic Constraints & Deployment Challenges	88
2.9.6	Security Concerns	88
		
3	Chapter 3: Integration & Offloading Technology	89
3.1	Integrating Small Cells into the Mobile Network	89
3.1.1	Integration into 3G Networks	89
3.1.1.1	Iuh based Integration: Residential & Enterprise Femtocells	89
3.1.1.2	Iub: Microcells, Picocells and Femtocells	91
3.1.2	S1: Integration into LTE Networks	91
3.1.2.1	eNB Small Cell Architecture	92
3.1.2.2	HeNB Small Cell Architecture	92
3.1.3	Integration into 5G NR (New Radio) Networks	93
3.1.3.1	Non-Standalone Operation with LTE	93
3.1.3.2	NG2 & NG3: NextGen (Next Generation) System Architecture	93
3.2	Integrating C-RAN into the Mobile Network	94
3.2.1	CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface)	94
3.2.2	OBSAI (Open Base Station Architecture Initiative)	95
3.2.3	ORI (Open Radio Interface)	95
3.2.4	Ethernet	95
3.3	Wi-Fi: The Evolution from an Ethernet Extension to Mobile RAN Integration	96
3.4	Enabling Technologies for Wi-Fi and Cellular RAN Interoperability	97
3.4.1	ANDSF (Access Network Discovery and Selection Function)	97
3.4.1.1	Enabling Seamless Mobility	97
3.4.1.2	Commercial Availability of ANDSF Solutions	97
3.4.2	Hotspot 2.0	98
3.4.2.1	Discovery - 802.11u	98
3.4.2.2	Encryption - 802.11i (WPA2)	98
3.4.2.3	Authentication – 802.1x (EAP)	99
3.4.2.4	OMA (Open Mobile Alliance) DM (Device Management)	99
3.4.2.5	Passpoint Wi-Fi Certification	99
3.4.3	NGH (Next Generation Hotspot)	99
3.4.3.1	Working Alongside Hotspot 2.0	100
3.4.3.2	Enabling Seamless Mobile Network Connectivity	100
3.4.4	I-WLAN (Interworking Wireless LAN)	100
3.4.5	WISPr (Wireless Internet Service Provider Roaming)	101
3.4.6	MSAP (Mobility Services Advertisement Protocol)	101
3.5	Small Cell and Mobile Core Offloading Technologies	102
3.5.1	LIPA (Local IP Access)	102
3.5.1.1	Is LIPA Specifically for Small Cells?	102
3.5.1.2	Use Case Example: Local Network Multimedia Access	102
3.5.2	SIPTO (Selected IP Traffic Offload)	103
3.5.2.1	Use Case Example: Core Network Offload	103
3.5.2.2	The Downside: Is SIPTO Suitable for All Traffic Profiles?	103
3.5.3	IFOM (IP Flow Mobility and Seamless Offload)	104
3.5.3.1	Enabling Seamless Integration between Wi-Fi and 3GPP RANs	104
3.6	Wi-Fi and Cellular RAN Integration: Commercial Implementations for Address HetNet Challenges	105
3.6.1	Wi-Fi Integration into Macrocell and Small Cell Base Stations	105
3.6.2	Policy Driven Control	105
3.6.3	Enabling Wi-Fi Calling: Dynamic Switching between Wi-Fi and LTE	105
3.7	Integration of SON (Self-Organizing Network) Capabilities	106
3.7.1	Enabling Plug-and-play Functionality	106
3.7.2	Enhancing HetNet Performance	107
		
4	Chapter 4: Key Trends in Next-Generation HetNet Infrastructure	108
4.1	RAN Disaggregation: Blurring the Lines Between Small Cells and C-RAN	108
4.1.1	Fully Centralized Baseband Processing: PHY-RF Split	109
4.1.2	Partially Centralized Functional Splits	111
4.1.2.1	Intra-PHY Split	111
4.1.2.2	MAC-PHY Split	112
4.1.2.3	Intra-MAC Split	112
4.1.2.4	RLC-MAC Split	112
4.1.2.5	Intra-RLC Split	113
4.1.2.6	PDCP-RLC Split	113
4.1.2.7	RRC-PDCP Split	113
4.2	Small Cell Virtualization	114
4.2.1	Overview of RAN Virtualization	114
4.2.2	Why Virtualize Small Cells?	115
4.2.3	Next-Generation Small Cells: Hardware vs. Software-Based Architecture	116
4.2.3.1	Performance	117
4.2.3.2	Cost	118
4.2.3.3	Other Market Factors	119
4.2.4	Review of Existing Virtualized Small Cell Deployments	120
4.3	Unlicensed & Shared Spectrum Usage	121
4.3.1	Bringing the Simplicity of Wi-Fi to LTE & 5G Small Cells	121
4.3.2	Key Technology Options for Spectrum Sharing & Aggregation	121
4.3.2.1	LSA (Licensed Shared Access): Two-Tiered Sharing	121
4.3.2.2	SAS (Spectrum Access System): Three-Tiered Sharing	122
4.3.2.3	LAA (License Assisted Access) & LTE-U: Licensed & Unlicensed Spectrum Aggregation	124
4.3.2.4	New Mechanisms for 60 GHz Unlicensed Spectrum Sharing	125
4.3.2.5	MulteFire	126
4.3.2.6	LWA (LTE – Wi-Fi Link Aggregation)	126
4.3.2.7	LWIP (LTE WLAN integration with IPSec Tunnel)	127
4.3.2.8	MPTCP Based LTE – Wi-Fi Aggregation	127
4.3.3	Commercial Status	127
4.4	Neutral Hosting	128
4.4.1	A Win-Win for Mobile Operators and Hosts	128
4.4.2	Moving Towards Multi-Operator Small Cells	128
4.4.2.1	Commercial Multi-Operator Small Cell Offerings	129
4.4.2.2	Disruptive DAS Products	129
4.4.3	Synergies with Spectrum Sharing & Small Cell Virtualization	129
4.5	Moving Towards Higher Frequencies	130
4.5.1	Higher Frequency & Millimeter Wave Small Cells	130
4.5.2	Potential Usage of 60 GHz WiGig Technology	131
4.6	Small Cells for Rural Coverage	131
4.6.1	Review of Mobile Operator Commitments	131
4.6.2	How Are Vendors Addressing the Market?	133
4.6.3	How Big is the Opportunity?	133
4.7	Other Trends	134
4.7.1	UDN (Ultra Dense Networks)	134
4.7.2	MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing)	135
4.7.3	FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)	135
4.7.4	Multi-Site Connectivity, Carrier Aggregation & User Centric Cell Access	137
4.7.5	Control and User Plane Separation	137
4.7.6	Small Cells for Dedicated IoT Applications	138
4.7.7	Network Slicing	138
		
5	Chapter 5: Industry Roadmap and Value Chain	140
5.1	HetNet Industry Roadmap: 2017 – 2030	140
5.1.1	2017 – 2020: Large Scale Small Cell, Carrier Wi-Fi, C-RAN & DAS Rollouts	140
5.1.2	2020 – 2025: Moving Towards Virtualized & Shared Spectrum Small Cells	141
5.1.3	2025 – 2030: Continued Densification with 5G Network Rollouts	141
5.2	HetNet Value Chain	142
5.3	Embedded Technology Ecosystem	142
5.3.1	Chipset Developers	142
5.3.2	Embedded Component/Software Providers	142
5.4	RAN Ecosystem	144
5.4.1	Macrocell RAN OEMs	144
5.4.2	Pure-Play Small Cell OEMs	144
5.4.3	Wi-Fi Access Point OEMs	144
5.4.4	DAS & Repeater Solution Providers	145
5.4.5	C-RAN Solution Providers	145
5.4.6	Other Technology Providers	145
5.5	Transport Networking Ecosystem	145
5.5.1	Backhaul & Fronthaul Solution Providers	145
5.6	Mobile Core Ecosystem	146
5.6.1	Mobile Core Solution Providers	146
5.7	Connectivity Ecosystem	146
5.7.1	Mobile Operators	146
5.7.2	Wi-Fi Connectivity Providers	146
5.7.3	SCaaS (Small Cells-as-a-Service) Providers	147
5.8	SON Ecosystem	147
5.8.1	SON Solution Providers	147
5.9	SDN & NFV Ecosystem	147
5.9.1	SDN & NFV Providers	147
		
6	Chapter 6: HetNet Deployment Models, Use Cases & Vertical Markets	148
6.1	Deployment Models	148
6.1.1	Indoor	148
6.1.2	Outdoor	149
6.2	Use Cases	150
6.2.1	Residential	150
6.2.2	Enterprise	150
6.2.3	Urban	151
6.2.4	Rural & Suburban	151
6.3	Service Models for Carrier Wi-Fi	152
6.3.1	Mobile Offload	152
6.3.2	Wholesale & Other Approaches	152
6.4	SCaaS (Small Cells-as-a-Service)	153
6.4.1	Addressing the Logistical Challenges of Small Cell Rollouts	153
6.4.2	Cost & Structural Efficiencies	153
6.4.3	How Big is the Opportunity for SCaaS Providers?	154
6.4.4	Major SCaaS Commitments	155
6.4.4.1	BT Group	155
6.4.4.2	Cellcom (New-Cell)	156
6.4.4.3	ClearSky Technologies	156
6.4.4.4	Cloudberry Mobile	156
6.4.4.5	Colt Technology Services Group	157
6.4.4.6	Cox Communications	157
6.4.4.7	Towerstream Corporation	157
6.4.4.8	Virgin Media	158
6.4.4.9	Luminet	158
6.4.4.10	Zayo Group	158
6.4.4.11	Offerings from the Vendor Community	159
6.5	Key Vertical Markets	159
6.5.1	Agriculture	159
6.5.2	Construction	159
6.5.3	Education	160
6.5.4	Energy & Utilities	160
6.5.5	Enterprises	161
6.5.6	Healthcare	161
6.5.7	Military	162
6.5.8	Public Safety & Emergency Services	162
6.5.9	Public Venues	162
6.5.10	Residential	163
6.5.11	Retail & Hospitality	163
		
7	Chapter 7: HetNet Backhaul & Fronthaul	164
7.1	Small Cell Backhaul Technology	164
7.1.1	DSL	164
7.1.2	Ethernet	164
7.1.3	Microwave	165
7.1.4	Millimeter Wave	166
7.1.5	Satellite	166
7.1.6	Fiber & Others	166
7.2	C-RAN Fronthaul Technology	167
7.2.1	Dedicated Fiber (Dark Fiber)	167
7.2.2	WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)	167
7.2.3	PON (Passive Optical Network)	168
7.2.4	OTN (Optical Transport Network)	168
7.2.5	Ethernet	168
7.2.6	G.Fast	168
7.2.7	Microwave	169
7.2.8	Millimeter Wave	169
7.3	Requirements for HetNet Backhaul & Fronthaul	169
7.3.1	Form Factor & Environmental Hardening	169
7.3.2	Power Supply & Consumption	169
7.3.3	Installation & Provisioning	170
7.3.4	Integration of OAM and SON Capabilities	170
7.3.5	Deployment & Maintenance Cost	170
7.4	Key Issues	170
7.4.1	Backhaul Sharing: Can Small Cells and Macrocells Share Resources?	170
7.4.2	Coverage Challenges	171
7.4.3	Capacity/Peak Throughput Challenges	171
7.4.4	Will Millimeter Wave be the Preferred Outdoor Small Cell Backhaul Solution?	171
7.4.5	Is Fronthaul the Bottleneck to C-RAN Rollouts?	172
7.4.6	Is Ethernet a Feasible Solution for C-RAN Fronthaul?	172
7.4.7	Is there a Market for Satellite based HetNet Transport?	172
7.4.8	Assessing the Impact of the SCaaS Ecosystem	173
		
8	Chapter 8: Standardization & Regulatory Initiatives	174
8.1	3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)	174
8.1.1	Small Cell Standardization	174
8.1.2	Additional Small Cell & HetNet Enhancements	175
8.1.3	Functional Splits for C-RAN Implementation in 5G Networks	176
8.2	3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2) & MDG (Mobility Development Group)	177
8.2.1	HetNet Standardization Activities	177
8.3	Broadband Forum	178
8.3.1	TR-069 & TR-196 for Small Cell Management	178
8.3.2	Broadband 20/20 Vision: Convergence of 5G Mobile & Fixed Networks	178
8.3.3	Other Efforts Related to HetNets	179
8.4	CableLabs	179
8.4.1	Research on High Capacity Millimeter Wave Small Cells	179
8.4.2	Unlicensed and Shared Spectrum LTE for the Cable Industry	179
8.4.3	Other Work Relevant to 5G  & HetNet Infrastructure	180
8.5	CBRS Alliance	180
8.5.1	Ecosystem Development for LTE-Based CBRS Solutions	180
8.6	CPRI Initiative	181
8.6.1	CPRI Releases 1.4 to 7.0 for 3G & LTE Fronthaul	181
8.6.2	eCPRI for 5G Fronthaul	181
8.7	DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Alliance)	182
8.7.1	Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for 5G and LTE Networks	182
8.8	ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)	183
8.8.1	Small Cell Testing	183
8.8.2	ORI for Fronthaul	183
8.8.3	NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) for vRAN and Virtualized Small Cells	184
8.8.4	MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing)	185
8.8.5	Millimeter Wave Transmission & Other Work	186
8.9	EVOLVE	186
8.9.1	LTE-U and LAA Advocacy Efforts	186
8.10	GSMA	187
8.10.1	TS.22: Recommendations for Minimum Wi-Fi Capabilities of Terminals	187
8.10.2	IR.61: Wi-Fi Roaming Guidelines	188
8.10.3	IR.51 & NG.106: IMS over Wi-Fi	188
8.10.4	Policy Recommendations for Small Cell Deployments	189
8.10.5	5G Program & Spectrum Policy	189
8.11	GTI	190
8.11.1	HetNets & Small Cells in TD-LTE Development & Evolution	190
8.11.2	5G Innovation Program	191
8.12	IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)	191
8.12.1	IEEE 802.11 WLAN Standard & Revisions	191
8.12.2	IEEE 802.1CM: TSN (Time-Sensitive Networking) for Fronthaul	192
8.12.3	IEEE P1904.3: Standard for RoE (Radio over Ethernet) Encapsulations and Mappings	193
8.12.4	IEEE 1914: NGFI (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) Working Group	194
8.12.5	Contribution to 5G Standards Development	194
8.12.6	Other Standards & Work Groups	195
8.13	ITU (International Telecommunications Union)	195
8.13.3	FG IMT-2020 (Focus Group on IMT-2020)	197
8.13.4	Spectrum Allocation	198
8.14	LTE-U Forum	198
8.14.1	LTE-U Technical Specifications	198
8.15	MEF (Metro Ethernet Forum)	199
8.15.1	Ethernet Transport for Small Cells & C-RAN	199
8.16	MulteFire Alliance	200
8.16.1	MulteFire Release 1.0 Specification	200
8.17	NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks) Alliance	201
8.17.1	P-CRAN (Project Centralized RAN)	201
8.17.2	Small Cell Project	202
8.17.3	RAN Evolution Project	202
8.17.4	5G Work Program & Other Work	202
8.19	ONF (Open Networking Foundation) & ON.Lab (Open Networking Lab)	204
8.20	OSA (OpenAirInterface Software Alliance)	206
8.20.1	LTE vRAN Implementation	206
8.21	SCF (Small Cell Forum)	207
8.21.1	Release 1: Residential Small Cells	208
8.21.2	Release 2: Enterprise Small Cells	208
8.21.3	Releases 3 & 4: Urban Small Cells	208
8.21.4	Release 5: Rural & Remote Small Cells	209
8.21.5	Release 6: Smart Enterprise Small Cells	210
8.21.6	Release 7: HetNet Foundations	210
8.21.7	Release 8: Small Cell Virtualization	211
8.21.8	Release 9: Network Densification and Evolution to 5G	212
8.22	TIP (Telecom Infra Project)	213
8.22.1	OpenCellular – Wireless Access Design Platform	213
8.22.2	Solutions Integration – Unbundled RAN Architecture	214
8.22.3	Edge Computing	215
8.22.4	vRAN Fronthaul	215
8.22.5	Open Optical Packet Transport	215
8.22.6	Mobile Core Optimization	216
8.22.7	Greenfield Telecom Networks	216
8.22.8	Other Projects	216
8.23	WBA (Wireless Broadband Alliance)	217
8.23.1	Carrier Wi-Fi Services Program	217
8.23.2	Next Generation Wireless Program	220
8.24	WIA (Wireless Infrastructure Association)	221
8.24.1	HetNet Forum	221
8.24.2	Other Work	222
8.25	Wi-Fi Alliance	222
8.25.1	Hotspot 2.0 & Passpoint Certification Program	222
8.25.2	Positioning WiGig as a 5G Technology	223
8.25.3	Wi-Fi Spectrum Advocacy Efforts & Other Programs	223
8.26	WiFiForward	224
8.26.1	Wi-Fi Spectrum Advocacy Efforts	224
8.27	WiMAX Forum	224
8.27.1	WiMAX Small Cells	225
8.28	WinnForum (Wireless Innovation Forum)	225
8.28.1	Spectrum Sharing Specifications for LTE & 5G Networks	225
		
9	Chapter 9: Service Provider Case Studies	227
9.1	América Móvil Group	227
9.1.1	Overview	227
9.1.2	Key Vendors	227
9.1.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	227
9.2	AT&T	229
9.2.1	Overview	229
9.2.2	Key Vendors	229
9.2.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	229
9.3	Axiata Group	231
9.3.1	Overview	231
9.3.2	Key Vendors	231
9.3.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	231
9.4	Bharti Airtel	232
9.4.1	Overview	232
9.4.2	Key Vendors	232
9.4.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	232
9.5	Boingo Wireless	233
9.5.1	Overview	233
9.5.2	Key Vendors	233
9.5.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	233
9.6	BT Group	235
9.6.1	Overview	235
9.6.2	Key Vendors	235
9.6.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	235
9.7	China Mobile	237
9.7.1	Overview	237
9.7.2	Key Vendors	237
9.7.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	237
9.8	China Telecom	239
9.8.1	Overview	239
9.8.2	Key Vendors	239
9.8.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	239
9.9	China Unicom	241
9.9.1	Overview	241
9.9.2	Key Vendors	241
9.9.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	241
9.10	Chunghwa Telecom	242
9.10.1	Overview	242
9.10.2	Key Vendors	242
9.10.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	242
9.11	DT (Deutsche Telekom)	243
9.11.1	Overview	243
9.11.2	Key Vendors	243
9.11.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	243
9.12	Fon	244
9.12.1	Overview	244
9.12.2	Key Vendors	244
9.12.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	244
9.13	KDDI Corporation	246
9.13.1	Overview	246
9.13.2	Key Vendors	246
9.13.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	246
9.14	KPN	247
9.14.1	Overview	247
9.14.2	Key Vendors	247
9.14.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	247
9.15	KT Corporation	248
9.15.1	Overview	248
9.15.2	Key Vendors	248
9.15.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	248
9.16	LG Uplus	250
9.16.1	Overview	250
9.16.2	Key Vendors	250
9.16.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	250
9.17	MegaFon	252
9.17.1	Overview	252
9.17.2	Key Vendors	252
9.17.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	252
9.18	MTS (Mobile TeleSystems)	253
9.18.1	Overview	253
9.18.2	Key Vendors	253
9.18.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	253
9.19	NTT DoCoMo	254
9.19.1	Overview	254
9.19.2	Key Vendors	254
9.19.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	254
9.20	Orange	256
9.20.1	Overview	256
9.20.2	Key Vendors	256
9.20.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	256
9.21	SFR	258
9.21.1	Overview	258
9.21.2	Key Vendors	258
9.21.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	258
9.22	Singtel	259
9.22.1	Overview	259
9.22.2	Key Vendors	259
9.22.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	259
9.23	SK Telecom	261
9.23.1	Overview	261
9.23.2	Key Vendors	261
9.23.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	261
9.24	SoftBank Group	264
9.24.1	Overview	264
9.24.2	Key Vendors	264
9.24.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	264
9.25	Sprint Corporation	267
9.25.1	Overview	267
9.25.2	Key Vendors	267
9.25.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	267
9.26	Telefónica Group	269
9.26.1	Overview	269
9.26.2	Key Vendors	269
9.26.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	269
9.27	Telenor Group	271
9.27.1	Overview	271
9.27.2	Key Vendors	271
9.27.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	271
9.28	Telia Company	272
9.28.1	Overview	272
9.28.2	Key Vendors	272
9.28.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	272
9.29	Telstra	273
9.29.1	Overview	273
9.29.2	Key Vendors	273
9.29.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	273
9.30	Telus Corporation	274
9.30.1	Overview	274
9.30.2	Key Vendors	274
9.30.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	274
9.31	TIM (Telecom Italia Mobile)	276
9.31.1	Overview	276
9.31.2	Key Vendors	276
9.31.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	276
9.32	VEON	278
9.32.1	Overview	278
9.32.2	Key Vendors	278
9.32.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	278
9.33	Verizon Communications	280
9.33.1	Overview	280
9.33.2	Key Vendors	280
9.33.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	280
9.34	Vodafone Group	282
9.34.1	Overview	282
9.34.2	Key Vendors	282
9.34.3	HetNet Deployment Summary	282
		
10	Chapter 10: Wireless Network Infrastructure Incumbents	284
10.1	Cisco Systems	284
10.2	Datang Mobile	287
10.3	Ericsson	288
10.4	FiberHome Technologies	291
10.5	Fujitsu	292
10.6	Huawei	294
10.7	NEC Corporation	296
10.8	Nokia Networks	298
10.9	Samsung Electronics	301
10.10	ZTE	304
		
11	Chapter 11: Macrocell RAN, Small Cell, C-RAN & Mobile Core Specialists	307
11.1	6Harmonics	307
11.2	Accelleran	308
11.3	Adax	309
11.4	ADB	310
11.5	Affirmed Networks	311
11.6	Air-Lynx	312
11.7	Airspan Networks	313
11.8	Alpha Networks	315
11.9	Altiostar Networks	316
11.10	Arcadyan Technology Corporation	317
11.11	Argela	318
11.12	Artemis Networks	320
11.13	Aselan	321
11.14	Askey Computer Corporation	322
11.15	ASOCS	323
11.16	Athonet	324
11.17	AttoCore	325
11.18	Baicells Technologies	326
11.19	Brocade Communications Systems	327
11.20	Casa Systems	328
11.21	CCN (Cirrus Core Networks)	329
11.22	cellXica	330
11.23	CND (Core Network Dynamics)	331
11.24	Collinear Networks	333
11.25	Contela	334
11.26	CS Corporation	335
11.27	Delta Electronics	336
11.28	Druid Software	337
11.29	EION Wireless	338
11.30	Expeto Wireless	339
11.31	Facebook	340
11.32	Fairwaves	343
11.33	Fujian Sunnada Network Technology	345
11.34	Gemtek Technology	346
11.35	GENBAND	347
11.36	General Dynamics Mission Systems	348
11.37	GIKO GROUP Telecomunicaciones	349
11.38	Google	350
11.39	Guangzhou Iplook Technologies	352
11.40	GWT (Global Wireless Technologies)	353
11.41	Harris Corporation	354
11.42	Hitachi	355
11.43	IDY Corporation	356
11.44	InnoWireless	357
11.45	ip.access	359
11.46	JRC (Japan Radio Company)	361
11.47	Juni Global	362
11.48	Kleos	363
11.49	Lemko Corporation	364
11.50	LGS Innovations	365
11.51	Luminate Wireless	366
11.52	Mavenir Systems	367
11.53	MitraStar Technology Corporation	369
11.54	Moseley Associates	370
11.55	Netas	371
11.56	New Postcom Equipment	372
11.57	NewNet Mobile Communications	373
11.58	NuRAN Wireless	374
11.59	Oceus Networks	376
11.60	Omoco	378
11.61	OpenCell	379
11.62	Panda Electronics Group	380
11.63	Parallel Wireless	381
11.64	Phluido	382
11.65	PMN (Private Mobile Networks)	384
11.66	Polaris Networks	385
11.67	Potevio	386
11.68	Quanta Computer	387
11.69	Qucell	388
11.70	Quortus	389
11.71	Range Networks	390
11.72	Redline Communications	391
11.73	Sagemcom	392
11.74	Samji Electronics	393
11.75	SerComm Corporation	394
11.76	SiRRAN Communications	395
11.77	Sistelbanda	396
11.78	SITRONICS	397
11.79	SK Telesys	398
11.80	Sonus Networks	399
11.81	Sooktha	400
11.82	SpiderCloud Wireless	401
11.83	Star Solutions	403
11.84	Starry	405
11.85	Technicolor	406
11.86	Tecom	407
11.87	Tecore Networks	408
11.88	TEKTELIC Communications	409
11.89	Telrad Networks	411
11.90	Telum	412
11.91	Tropico	413
11.92	Vanu	414
11.93	VNL (Vihaan Networks Limited)	416
11.94	WNC (Wistron NeWeb Corporation)	417
11.95	WTL (World Telecom Labs)	418
11.96	Wytec International	419
11.97	Z-Com	420
		
12	Chapter 12: Antenna, DAS, RRH, Repeater & Site Solution Specialists	421
12.1	AAS (Amphenol Antenna Solutions)	421
12.2	Ace Technologies Corporation	423
12.3	AceAxis	424
12.4	ACOME	425
12.5	ADRF (Advanced RF Technologies)	426
12.6	Alpha Wireless	427
12.7	American Tower Corporation	428
12.8	Anertai Communications	429
12.9	Arqiva	430
12.10	Bird Technologies	431
12.11	Black Box Corporation	432
12.12	BlueWaveTel	433
12.13	Boomsense/Bangxun Technology	434
12.14	BTI Wireless	435
12.15	CCI (Communication Components, Inc.)	436
12.16	CCI Systems	438
12.17	Cellcomm Solutions	439
12.18	CellMax Technologies	440
12.19	Cellnex Telecom	441
12.20	Cobham Wireless	442
12.21	Comba Telecom	443
12.22	CommScope	444
12.23	Comtech Korea	446
12.24	Corning	447
12.25	Crown Castle International Corporation	448
12.26	Dali Wireless	449
12.27	DENGYO (Nihon Dengyo Kosaku)	450
12.28	DYNE TECH	451
12.29	Eahison Communication	452
12.30	Ethertronics	453
12.31	ExteNet Systems	454
12.32	Filtronic	455
12.33	Foshan Anderson Communication Equipment	456
12.34	Foxcom	457
12.35	Frog Cellsat	458
12.36	Fujian Helios Technologies	459
12.37	Galtronics Corporation	460
12.38	Gamma Nu	461
12.39	Goodman Networks	462
12.40	GRENTECH	463
12.41	Hansen Technology	464
12.42	Hefei Maniron Electronic and Technology	465
12.43	Hilinks Technology	466
12.44	HUBER+SUHNER	467
12.45	Impower Technology	468
12.46	Innertron	469
12.47	Jiangsu Hengxin Technology	470
12.48	Jiangsu Zhengkai Electronics Technology	471
12.49	JMA Wireless	472
12.50	JQL Electronics	473
12.51	Kaelus	474
12.52	Kathrein-Werke KG	475
12.53	Kisan Telecom	476
12.54	KMW	477
12.55	Maven Wireless	478
12.56	MER Group	479
12.57	Microlab	480
12.58	MTI (Microelectronics Technology, Inc.)	481
12.59	MTI Wireless Edge	482
12.60	Nextivity	483
12.61	OFS	484
12.62	OZC (Optical Zonu Corporation)	485
12.63	Panorama Antennas	486
12.64	Raycap	487
12.65	RF MORECOM KOREA	488
12.66	RF Window	489
12.67	RFS (Radio Frequency Systems)	490
12.68	Rosenberger	491
12.69	R-TRON	492
12.70	Seontech	493
12.71	Shared Access	494
12.72	Shenzhen Huaptec	495
12.73	Shyam Telecom	496
12.74	Skybird Electronic Science & Technology	497
12.75	SOLiD	498
12.76	Sumitomo Electric Industries	499
12.77	Sunwave Solutions	500
12.78	Suzhou Hexagon Communication Technologies	501
12.79	Telnet Redes Inteligentes	502
12.80	TESSCO Technologies	503
12.81	Westell Technologies	504
12.82	Wevercomm	505
12.83	Wilson Electronics	506
12.84	Wuhan Fingu Electronic Technology	507
12.85	Wuhan Gewei Electronic Technologies	508
12.86	Zinwave	509
		
13	Chapter 13: Carrier Wi-Fi Specialists	510
13.1	4ipnet	510
13.2	ABB	511
13.3	Accuris Networks	512
13.4	Aerohive Networks	513
13.5	Altai Technologies	514
13.6	Alvarion Technologies	515
13.7	Aptilo Networks	516
13.8	Aruba Networks	517
13.9	Autelan	518
13.10	BandwidthX	519
13.11	Browan Communications	520
13.12	BSG Wireless	521
13.13	Carnegie Technologies	522
13.14	D-Link Corporation	523
13.15	Edgewater Wireless Systems	524
13.16	Firetide	525
13.17	Fortinet	526
13.18	GoNet Systems	527
13.19	Handlink Technologies	528
13.20	Kyrio	529
13.21	LigoWave	530
13.22	Linksys	531
13.23	Mojo Networks	532
13.24	NETGEAR	533
13.25	Nomadix	534
13.26	Ruckus Wireless	535
13.27	Senao Networks	536
13.28	Smith Micro Software	537
13.29	Syniverse Technologies	539
13.30	TP-LINK Technologies	540
13.31	Tranzeo Wireless Technologies	541
13.32	TruConnect Technologies	542
13.33	Ubiquiti Networks	543
13.34	Zyxel Communications Corporation	544
		
14	Chapter 14: Enabling & Complementary Technology Providers	545
14.1	6WIND	545
14.2	Accedian Networks	546
14.3	Accelink Technologies Corporation	547
14.4	Accuver	548
14.5	ADI (Analog Devices Inc.)	549
14.6	ADLINK Technology	550
14.7	Advantech	551
14.8	Affarii Technologies	552
14.9	Airgain	553
14.10	AirHop Communications	554
14.11	Airrays	555
14.12	AKM (Asahi Kasei Microdevices Corporation)	556
14.13	Akoustis Technologies	557
14.14	ALBEDO Telecom	558
14.15	Allot Communications	559
14.16	Altran	560
14.17	Amarisoft	561
14.18	Amdocs	562
14.19	Anritsu Corporation	563
14.20	Aquantia Corporation	564
14.21	Aricent	566
14.22	ARM Holdings	567
14.23	Artesyn Embedded Technologies	568
14.24	Artiza Networks	569
14.25	Astellia	570
14.26	ASTRI (Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute)	571
14.27	ATDI	572
14.28	Azcom Technology	573
14.29	Benetel	574
14.30	Blu Wireless Technology	575
14.31	Blue Danube Systems	576
14.32	BoostEdge	577
14.33	Broadcom	578
14.34	C Squared Systems	580
14.35	Cadence Design Systems	581
14.36	Cambridge Consultants	582
14.37	Cavium	583
14.38	CeedTec	585
14.39	CellMining	586
14.40	Cellwize Wireless Technologies	587
14.41	CelPlan Technologies	588
14.42	Celtro	589
14.43	CEVA	590
14.44	Clavister	591
14.45	Cohere Technologies	592
14.46	Coherent Logix	594
14.47	Collision Communications	595
14.48	Comcores	596
14.49	CommAgility	597
14.50	Creanord	598
14.51	D2 Technologies	599
14.52	Dell Technologies	600
14.53	DigitalGlobe	601
14.54	Direct Beam	602
14.55	eASIC Corporation	603
14.56	EDX Wireless	604
14.57	ENENSYS Technologies	605
14.58	Eoptolink Technology	606
14.59	Ercom	607
14.60	Ethernity Networks	608
14.61	ETRI (Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute, South Korea)	610
14.62	EXFO	611
14.63	Expway	612
14.64	Faraday Technology Corporation	613
14.65	Federated Wireless	614
14.66	Finisar Corporation	615
14.67	Flash Networks	616
14.68	Flex Logix Technologies	617
14.69	Forsk	618
14.70	Fraunhofer FOKUS  (Institute for Open Communication Systems)	619
14.71	Fraunhofer HHI (Heinrich Hertz Institute)	620
14.72	Furuno Electric	621
14.73	Galgus	622
14.74	GenXComm	623
14.75	GigaLight	624
14.76	GlobalFoundries	625
14.77	HCL Technologies	626
14.78	Hisense	627
14.79	HPE (Hewlett Packard Enterprise)	628
14.80	IBM Corporation	629
14.81	iBwave Solutions	631
14.82	IDT (Integrated Device Technology)	632
14.83	IM Technology	633
14.84	Imec International	634
14.85	Infineon Technologies	635
14.86	InfoVista	636
14.87	InnoLight Technology	637
14.88	Intel Corporation	638
14.89	InterDigital	640
14.90	IP Light	641
14.91	iPosi	642
14.92	IS-Wireless	643
14.93	ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan)	645
14.94	Juniper Networks	646
14.95	Keima	648
14.96	Keysight Technologies	649
14.97	Koonsys Radiocommunications	651
14.98	Kumu Networks	652
14.99	Lattice Semiconductor	653
14.100	Lime Microsystems	654
14.101	Linker Networks	655
14.102	Lumentum	656
14.103	LuxCarta	657
14.104	MACOM Technology Solutions Holdings	658
14.105	Maja Systems	660
14.106	Mathworks	661
14.107	Maxim Integrated	662
14.108	MaxLinear	663
14.109	Mellanox Technologies	664
14.110	Microsemi Corporation	666
14.111	Mitsubishi Electric Corporation	668
14.112	Mobiveil	670
14.113	Molex	671
14.114	Mosaik	673
14.115	Multiwave Sensors	674
14.116	N.A.T.	675
14.117	Nash Technologies	676
14.118	Netonomics	677
14.119	NETSCOUT Systems	678
14.120	NI (National Instruments)	679
14.121	Node-H	681
14.122	Nomor Research	682
14.123	NXP Semiconductors	683
14.124	Octasic	684
14.125	OE Solutions	685
14.126	Optulink	686
14.127	P.I. Works	687
14.128	Panasonic Corporation	688
14.129	Peraso Technologies	690
14.130	Plasma Antennas	691
14.131	Pletronics	692
14.132	Polystar	693
14.133	PRISMA Telecom Testing	694
14.134	Procera Networks	695
14.135	pureLiFi	696
14.136	Qorvo	697
14.137	Qualcomm	698
14.138	Qulsar	700
14.139	Qwilt	701
14.140	RADCOM	702
14.141	Radio Gigabit	703
14.142	Radisys Corporation	704
14.143	Rakon	705
14.144	Ranplan Wireless Network Design	706
14.145	Red Hat	707
14.146	RED Technologies	708
14.147	RF DSP	710
14.148	Rivada Networks	711
14.149	Rohde & Schwarz	713
14.150	Saguna Networks	714
14.151	SAI Technology	715
14.152	Sarokal Test Systems	716
14.153	SAT (Smart Antenna Technologies)	717
14.154	Sevis Systems	718
14.155	SevOne	719
14.156	Silicon Labs (Silicon Laboratories)	721
14.157	SIRADEL	722
14.158	Sivers IMA	723
14.159	Skyworks Solutions	724
14.160	Source Photonics	725
14.161	Space Data Corporation	726
14.162	SRS (Software Radio Systems)	727
14.163	STMicroelectronics	728
14.164	Tata Elxsi	729
14.165	Tech Mahindra	730
14.166	TEOCO Corporation	731
14.167	TI (Texas Instruments)	732
14.168	Tieto Corporation	733
14.169	TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company)	734
14.170	TTP (The Technology Partnership)	735
14.171	Tulinx	736
14.172	U-blox	737
14.173	Vasona Networks	738
14.174	Vectron International	739
14.175	Vencore Labs	740
14.176	Viavi Solutions	741
14.177	Virtuosys	743
14.178	VMware	744
14.179	WiPro	745
14.180	Wireless Telecom Group	746
14.181	WiSig Networks	747
14.182	XCellAir	748
14.183	Xelic	749
14.184	Xilinx	750
		
15	Chapter 15: Mobile Backhaul & Fronthaul Solution Providers	752
15.1	3Roam	752
15.2	4RF	753
15.3	Actelis Networks	754
15.4	Actiontec Electronics	755
15.5	Actus Networks	756
15.6	ADTRAN	757
15.7	ADVA Optical Networking	758
15.8	Advantech Wireless	759
15.9	ALAXALA Networks Corporation	760
15.10	Albis-Elcon	761
15.11	ALCOMA	762
15.12	Allied Data Technologies	763
15.13	Allied Telesis	764
15.14	APRESIA Systems	765
15.15	ARRIS International	766
15.16	Avanti Communications Group	767
15.17	Aviat Networks	768
15.18	AVM (AVM Computersysteme Vertriebs)	769
15.19	BluWan	770
15.20	BridgeWave Communications	771
15.21	CableFree (Wireless Excellence)	772
15.22	Calix	773
15.23	Cambium Networks	774
15.24	Canoga Perkins Corporation	775
15.25	Carlson Wireless Technologies	776
15.26	CarrierComm	777
15.27	CBNL (Cambridge Broadband Networks Ltd.)	778
15.28	CCS (Cambridge Communication Systems)	779
15.29	Ceragon Networks	780
15.30	Cielo Networks	781
15.31	Ciena Corporation	782
15.32	Comtech EF Data Corporation	784
15.33	Comtrend Corporation	785
15.34	Corecess	786
15.35	Coriant	787
15.36	DASAN Zhone Solutions	788
15.37	DragonWave	789
15.38	E-Band Communications	790
15.39	EBlink	791
15.40	ECI Telecom	792
15.41	Ekinops	793
15.42	ELVA-1	794
15.43	Eutelsat  Communications	795
15.44	Exalt Wireless	796
15.45	Extreme Networks	797
15.46	FastBack Networks	798
15.47	FibroLan	799
15.48	Furukawa Electric Group	800
15.49	Genmix Technology	801
15.50	Gilat Satellite Networks	802
15.51	HFR	803
15.52	Huahuan	804
15.53	Hughes Network Systems	805
15.54	HXI	806
15.55	InCoax	807
15.56	Infinera	808
15.57	InfiNet Wireless	810
15.58	Inmarsat	811
15.59	Intelsat	812
15.60	Intracom Telecom	813
15.61	IPITEK	814
15.62	Iskratel	815
15.63	KEYMILE	816
15.64	Ligado Networks	817
15.65	LightPointe Communications	818
15.66	Lindsay Broadband	819
15.67	Loea Corporation	820
15.68	MAX4G	821
15.69	Microwave Networks	822
15.70	MIMOtech	823
15.71	MRV Communications	824
15.72	Nexcomm Systems	825
15.73	NexxCom Wireless	826
15.74	Omnitron Systems	827
15.75	OneAccess Networks	828
15.76	OneWeb	829
15.77	Patton Electronics	830
15.78	Polewall	831
15.79	Positron	832
15.80	Proxim Wireless Corporation	833
15.81	RACOM	834
15.82	RAD Data Communications	835
15.83	RADWIN	836
15.84	Raisecom	837
15.85	REMEC Broadband Wireless Networks	838
15.86	SAF Tehnika	839
15.87	SES	840
15.88	Shyam Networks	842
15.89	SIAE Microelectronica	843
15.90	Siklu Communication	844
15.91	SkyFiber	845
15.92	SMC Networks	846
15.93	Solectek Corporation	847
15.94	Spectronite	848
15.95	Star Microwave	849
15.96	Tarana Wireless	850
15.97	Telco Systems	851
15.98	Tellion	852
15.99	Tellumat	853
15.100	Telsey	854
15.101	Thuraya Telecommunications Company	855
15.102	Tilgin	856
15.103	Trango Systems	857
15.104	Transition Networks	858
15.105	Ubiquoss	859
15.106	UTStarcom	860
15.107	ViaSat	861
15.108	VT iDirect	862
15.109	Vubiq Networks	863
15.110	Wave1	864
15.111	Wavesight	865
15.112	XAVi Technologies Corporation	866
15.113	Yamaha Corporation	867
		
16	Chapter 16: Market Analysis and Forecasts	868
16.1	Global Outlook for HetNet Infrastructure Investments	868
16.2	Small Cells	869
16.2.1	Segmentation by Use Case	870
16.2.1.1	Residential	871
16.2.1.2	Enterprise	872
16.2.1.3	Urban	873
16.2.1.4	Rural & Suburban	874
16.2.2	Segmentation by Form Factor	875
16.2.2.1	Femtocells	876
16.2.2.2	Picocells	877
16.2.2.3	Microcells	878
16.2.3	Segmentation by Air Interface Technology	879
16.2.3.1	2G & 3G	880
16.2.3.2	LTE	881
16.2.3.3	5G NR	882
16.2.4	Segmentation by Deployment Model	883
16.2.4.1	Indoor	884
16.2.4.2	Outdoor	885
16.2.5	Segmentation by RAN Architecture	886
16.2.5.1	Standalone	887
16.2.5.2	C-RAN	888
16.3	Small Cell Backhaul	889
16.3.1	Segmentation by Technology	889
16.3.1.1	DSL	890
16.3.1.2	Ethernet	890
16.3.1.3	Microwave	891
16.3.1.4	Millimeter Wave	891
16.3.1.5	Satellite	892
16.3.1.6	Fiber & Others	892
16.4	Carrier Wi-Fi	893
16.4.1	Segmentation by Submarket	893
16.4.1.1	Access Points	894
16.4.1.2	Access Point Controllers	895
16.4.2	Segmentation by Integration Approach	896
16.4.2.1	Standalone Wi-Fi Hotspots	897
16.4.2.2	Managed Wi-Fi Offload	898
16.5	C-RAN	899
16.5.1	Segmentation by Submarket	899
16.5.1.1	RRHs	900
16.5.1.2	BBUs	901
16.5.2	Segmentation by Air Interface Technology	902
16.5.2.1	3G & LTE	904
16.5.2.2	5G NR	907
16.5.3	Segmentation by Deployment Model	910
16.5.3.1	Indoor	911
16.5.3.2	Outdoor	912
16.5.4	Segmentation by Cell Size	913
16.5.4.1	Small Cells	914
16.5.4.2	Macrocells	915
16.6	C-RAN Fronthaul	916
16.6.1	Segmentation by Technology	916
16.6.1.1	Dedicated Fiber	917
16.6.1.2	WDM	917
16.6.1.3	OTN & PON	918
16.6.1.4	Ethernet	918
16.6.1.5	Microwave	919
16.6.1.6	Millimeter Wave	919
16.6.1.7	G.Fast & Others	920
16.7	DAS	921
16.7.1	Segmentation by Deployment Model	922
16.7.1.1	Indoor	923
16.7.1.2	Outdoor	924
16.8	Segmentation by Region	925
16.8.1	Small Cells	926
16.8.2	Small Cell Backhaul	927
16.8.3	Carrier Wi-Fi	927
16.8.4	C-RAN	929
16.8.5	C-RAN Fronthaul	931
16.8.6	DAS	932
16.9	Asia Pacific	933
16.9.1	Small Cells	934
16.9.2	Small Cell Backhaul	935
16.9.3	Carrier Wi-Fi	935
16.9.4	C-RAN	937
16.9.5	C-RAN Fronthaul	939
16.9.6	DAS	940
16.10	Eastern Europe	941
16.10.1	Small Cells	942
16.10.2	Small Cell Backhaul	943
16.10.3	Carrier Wi-Fi	943
16.10.4	C-RAN	945
16.10.5	C-RAN Fronthaul	947
16.10.6	DAS	948
16.11	Latin & Central America	949
16.11.1	Small Cells	950
16.11.2	Small Cell Backhaul	951
16.11.3	Carrier Wi-Fi	951
16.11.4	C-RAN	953
16.11.5	C-RAN Fronthaul	955
16.11.6	DAS	956
16.12	Middle East & Africa	957
16.12.1	Small Cells	958
16.12.2	Small Cell Backhaul	959
16.12.3	Carrier Wi-Fi	959
16.12.4	C-RAN	961
16.12.5	C-RAN Fronthaul	963
16.12.6	DAS	964
16.13	North America	965
16.13.1	Small Cells	966
16.13.2	Small Cell Backhaul	967
16.13.3	Carrier Wi-Fi	967
16.13.4	C-RAN	969
16.13.5	C-RAN Fronthaul	971
16.13.6	DAS	972
16.14	Western Europe	973
16.14.1	Small Cells	974
16.14.2	Small Cell Backhaul	975
16.14.3	Carrier Wi-Fi	975
16.14.4	C-RAN	977
16.14.5	C-RAN Fronthaul	979
16.14.6	DAS	980
		
17	Chapter 17: Conclusion and Strategic Recommendations	981
17.1	Why is the Market Poised to Grow?	981
17.2	Competitive Industry Landscape: Acquisitions, Alliances & Consolidation	981
17.3	What is the TCO Impact of HetNet Deployments?	983
17.4	The Formula for Success: Selecting the Right Combination of HetNet Technologies	983
17.5	Offloading with TD-LTE Small Cells	984
17.6	The Emergence of Unlicensed & Shared Spectrum Small Cells	984
17.7	What are the Prospects of Cloud RAN & Virtualized Small Cells?	986
17.8	Convergence of C-RAN and Small Cells: Distributing Baseband Intelligence	987
17.9	Accelerating the Transition to Military, Tactical & Public Safety LTE Networks	988
17.10	Standardization Driving RAN & Carrier Wi-Fi Integration	991
17.11	Prospects of Enterprise RAN Deployments	992
17.12	Network Visibility & OAM	993
17.13	Addressing Network Security: IPsec	994
17.14	Vendor Share Analysis	995
17.14.1	Small Cells	995
17.14.2	Carrier Wi-Fi	996
17.14.3	C-RAN	997
17.14.4	DAS	998
17.15	Strategic Recommendations	999
17.15.1	HetNet Infrastructure Vendors	999
17.15.2	Mobile Operators	1000

List of Figures
		
	Figure 1: HetNet Architecture	65
	Figure 2: Small Cell Coverage Range Comparison	67
	Figure 3: Key Characteristics of Small Cells	68
	Figure 4: Mobile Network Data Offloading via Wi-Fi	70
	Figure 5: C-RAN Architecture	72
	Figure 6: Key RRH & BBU Functions	74
	Figure 7: Cloud RAN Concept	75
	Figure 8: Passive DAS Configuration	78
	Figure 9: Active DAS Configuration	79
	Figure 10: Hybrid DAS Configuration	80
	Figure 11: Annual Global Throughput of Mobile Network Data Traffic by Region: 2017 – 2030 (Exabytes)	82
	Figure 12: Annual Global Throughput of Mobile Network Data Traffic by Access Network Technology: 2017 – 2030 (Exabytes)	83
	Figure 13: Iuh-Based Small Cell Integration in a 3G Mobile Network	90
	Figure 14: Iub-Based Small Cell Integration in a 3G Mobile Network	91
	Figure 15: S1 Interface-Based Small Cell Integration in an LTE Network	92
	Figure 16: High Level View for NextGen System Architecture	93
	Figure 17: CPRI Protocol Layers	94
	Figure 18: Global SON Technology Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	107
	Figure 19: RAN Functional Split Options	109
	Figure 20: Performance Comparison of RAN Functional Split Options	110
	Figure 21: vRAN Architecture	114
	Figure 22: Virtualized Small Cell Deployment Model	116
	Figure 23: TCO Comparison Between Conventional and Virtualized Small Cells ($ per GB)	118
	Figure 24: Global Small Cell Unit Shipments by Virtualization: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	119
	Figure 25: LSA (License Shared Access) Regulatory Architecture	122
	Figure 26: Transition to UDNs (Ultra-Dense Networks)	134
	Figure 27: 5G FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) Deployment Alternatives	136
	Figure 28: Conceptual Architecture for End-to-End Network Slicing in Mobile Networks	139
	Figure 29: HetNet Industry Roadmap: 2017 – 2030	140
	Figure 30: HetNet Value Chain	143
	Figure 31: SCaaS (Small Cells-as-a-Service) Provider and Mobile Operator Responsibilities	154
	Figure 32: Global SCaaS  Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	155
	Figure 33: ETSI NFV Architecture	184
	Figure 34: 802.11 Family of Standards by Frequency and Range	192
	Figure 35: Comparison of IMT-2020 and IMT-Advanced Performance Requirements	196
	Figure 36: M-CORD Focus Areas	205
	Figure 37: Small Cell Forum's Release Publication Process	207
	Figure 38: nFAPI Interfaces	211
	Figure 39: China Mobile’s Cloud RAN Vision	238
	Figure 40: NTT DoCoMo’s Advanced C-RAN Architecture	255
	Figure 41: SK Telecom's SDRAN (Software Defined RAN) Architecture	263
	Figure 42: SoftBank's Virtualized Small Cell Trial	265
	Figure 43: Sprint's LTE UE Relay	268
	Figure 44: Global HetNet Infrastructure Revenue by Submarket: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	868
	Figure 45: Global Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	869
	Figure 46: Global Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	869
	Figure 47: Global Small Cell Unit Shipments by Use Case: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	870
	Figure 48: Global Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by Use Case: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	870
	Figure 49: Global Residential Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	871
	Figure 50: Global Residential Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	871
	Figure 51: Global Enterprise Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	872
	Figure 52: Global Enterprise Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	872
	Figure 53: Global Urban Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	873
	Figure 54: Global Urban Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	873
	Figure 55: Global Rural & Suburban Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	874
	Figure 56: Global Rural & Suburban Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	874
	Figure 57: Global Small Cell Unit Shipments by Form Factor: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	875
	Figure 58: Global Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by Form Factor: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	875
	Figure 59: Global Femtocell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	876
	Figure 60: Global Femtocell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	876
	Figure 61: Global Picocell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	877
	Figure 62: Global Picocell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	877
	Figure 63: Global Microcell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	878
	Figure 64: Global Microcell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	878
	Figure 65: Global Small Cell Unit Shipments by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	879
	Figure 66: Global Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	879
	Figure 67: Global 2G & 3G Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	880
	Figure 68: Global 2G & 3G Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	880
	Figure 69: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	881
	Figure 70: Global LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	881
	Figure 71: Global 5G NR Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	882
	Figure 72: Global 5G NR Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)	882
	Figure 73: Global Small Cell Unit Shipments by Deployment Model: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	883
	Figure 74: Global Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by Deployment Model: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	883
	Figure 75: Global Indoor Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	884
	Figure 76: Global Indoor Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	884
	Figure 77: Global Outdoor Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	885
	Figure 78: Global Outdoor Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	885
	Figure 79: Global Small Cell Unit Shipments by RAN Architecture: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	886
	Figure 80: Global Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by RAN Architecture: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	886
	Figure 81: Global Standalone Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	887
	Figure 82: Global Standalone Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	887
	Figure 83: Global C-RAN Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	888
	Figure 84: Global C-RAN Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	888
	Figure 85: Global Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	889
	Figure 86: Global Small Cell Backhaul Revenue by Technology: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	889
	Figure 87: Global DSL Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	890
	Figure 88: Global Ethernet Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	890
	Figure 89: Global Microwave Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	891
	Figure 90: Global Millimeter Wave Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	891
	Figure 91: Global Satellite Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	892
	Figure 92: Global Fiber & Other Technologies Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	892
	Figure 93: Global Carrier Wi-Fi Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	893
	Figure 94: Global Carrier Wi-Fi Revenue by Submarket: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	893
	Figure 95: Global Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	894
	Figure 96: Global Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	894
	Figure 97: Global Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	895
	Figure 98: Global Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	895
	Figure 99: Global Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipments by Integration Approach: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	896
	Figure 100: Global Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipment Revenue by Integration Approach: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	896
	Figure 101: Global Standalone Carrier Wi-Fi Hotspot Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	897
	Figure 102: Global Standalone Carrier Wi-Fi Hotspot Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	897
	Figure 103: Global Managed Carrier Wi-Fi Offload Hotspot Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	898
	Figure 104: Global Managed Carrier Wi-Fi Offload Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	898
	Figure 105: Global C-RAN Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	899
	Figure 106: Global C-RAN Revenue by Submarket: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	899
	Figure 107: Global RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	900
	Figure 108: Global RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	900
	Figure 109: Global C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	901
	Figure 110: Global C-RAN BBU  Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	901
	Figure 111: Global C-RAN Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	902
	Figure 112: Global RRH Unit Shipments by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	902
	Figure 113: Global RRH Unit Shipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	903
	Figure 114: Global C-RAN BBU Shipments by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	903
	Figure 115: Global C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	904
	Figure 116: Global C-RAN Revenue in 3G & LTE Networks: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	904
	Figure 117: Global 3G & LTE RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	905
	Figure 118: Global 3G & LTE RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	905
	Figure 119: Global 3G & LTE C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	906
	Figure 120: Global 3G & LTE C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	906
	Figure 121: Global C-RAN Revenue in 5G NR Networks: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)	907
	Figure 122: Global 5G NR RRH Unit Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	907
	Figure 123: Global 5G NR RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)	908
	Figure 124: Global 5G NR C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	908
	Figure 125: Global 5G NR C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)	909
	Figure 126: Global RRH Unit Shipments by Deployment Model: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	910
	Figure 127: Global RRH Unit Shipment Revenue by Deployment Model: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	910
	Figure 128: Global Indoor RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	911
	Figure 129: Global Indoor RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	911
	Figure 130: Global Outdoor RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	912
	Figure 131: Global Outdoor RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	912
	Figure 132: Global RRH Unit Shipments by Cell Size: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	913
	Figure 133: Global RRH Unit Shipment Revenue by Cell Size: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	913
	Figure 134: Global Small Cell RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	914
	Figure 135: Global Small Cell RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	914
	Figure 136: Global Macrocell RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	915
	Figure 137: Global Macrocell RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	915
	Figure 138: Global C-RAN Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	916
	Figure 139: Global C-RAN Fronthaul Revenue by Technology: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	916
	Figure 140: Global Dedicated Fiber Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	917
	Figure 141: Global WDM Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	917
	Figure 142: Global OTN & PON Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	918
	Figure 143: Global Ethernet Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	918
	Figure 144: Global Microwave Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	919
	Figure 145: Global Millimeter Wave Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	919
	Figure 146: Global G.Fast & Other Technologies Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	920
	Figure 147: Global DAS Node Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	921
	Figure 148: Global DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	921
	Figure 149: Global DAS Node Unit Shipments by Deployment Model: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	922
	Figure 150: Global DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue by Deployment Model: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	922
	Figure 151: Global Indoor DAS Node Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	923
	Figure 152: Global Indoor DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	923
	Figure 153: Global Outdoor DAS Node Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	924
	Figure 154: Global Outdoor DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	924
	Figure 155: HetNet Infrastructure Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	925
	Figure 156: Small Cell Unit Shipments by Region: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	926
	Figure 157: Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	926
	Figure 158: Small Cell Backhaul Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	927
	Figure 159: Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipments by Region: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	927
	Figure 160: Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	928
	Figure 161: Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipments by Region: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	928
	Figure 162: Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	929
	Figure 163: RRH Unit Shipments by Region: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	929
	Figure 164: RRH Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	930
	Figure 165: C-RAN BBU Shipments by Region: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	930
	Figure 166: C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	931
	Figure 167: C-RAN Fronthaul Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	931
	Figure 168: DAS Node Unit Shipments by Region: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	932
	Figure 169: DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	932
	Figure 170: Asia Pacific HetNet Infrastructure Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	933
	Figure 171: Asia Pacific Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	934
	Figure 172: Asia Pacific Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	934
	Figure 173: Asia Pacific Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	935
	Figure 174: Asia Pacific Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	935
	Figure 175: Asia Pacific Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	936
	Figure 176: Asia Pacific Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	936
	Figure 177: Asia Pacific Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	937
	Figure 178: Asia Pacific RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	937
	Figure 179: Asia Pacific RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	938
	Figure 180: Asia Pacific C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	938
	Figure 181: Asia Pacific C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	939
	Figure 182: Asia Pacific C-RAN Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	939
	Figure 183: Asia Pacific DAS Node Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	940
	Figure 184: Asia Pacific DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	940
	Figure 185: Eastern Europe HetNet Infrastructure Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	941
	Figure 186: Eastern Europe Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	942
	Figure 187: Eastern Europe Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	942
	Figure 188: Eastern Europe Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	943
	Figure 189: Eastern Europe Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	943
	Figure 190: Eastern Europe Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	944
	Figure 191: Eastern Europe Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	944
	Figure 192: Eastern Europe Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	945
	Figure 193: Eastern Europe RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	945
	Figure 194: Eastern Europe RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	946
	Figure 195: Eastern Europe C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	946
	Figure 196: Eastern Europe C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	947
	Figure 197: Eastern Europe C-RAN Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	947
	Figure 198: Eastern Europe DAS Node Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	948
	Figure 199: Eastern Europe DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	948
	Figure 200: Latin & Central America HetNet Infrastructure Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	949
	Figure 201: Latin & Central America Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	950
	Figure 202: Latin & Central America Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	950
	Figure 203: Latin & Central America Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	951
	Figure 204: Latin & Central America Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	951
	Figure 205: Latin & Central America Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	952
	Figure 206: Latin & Central America Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	952
	Figure 207: Latin & Central America Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	953
	Figure 208: Latin & Central America RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	953
	Figure 209: Latin & Central America RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	954
	Figure 210: Latin & Central America C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	954
	Figure 211: Latin & Central America C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	955
	Figure 212: Latin & Central America C-RAN Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	955
	Figure 213: Latin & Central America DAS Node Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	956
	Figure 214: Latin & Central America DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	956
	Figure 215: Middle East & Africa HetNet Infrastructure Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	957
	Figure 216: Middle East & Africa Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	958
	Figure 217: Middle East & Africa Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	958
	Figure 218: Middle East & Africa Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	959
	Figure 219: Middle East & Africa Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	959
	Figure 220: Middle East & Africa Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	960
	Figure 221: Middle East & Africa Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	960
	Figure 222: Middle East & Africa Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	961
	Figure 223: Middle East & Africa RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	961
	Figure 224: Middle East & Africa RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	962
	Figure 225: Middle East & Africa C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	962
	Figure 226: Middle East & Africa C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	963
	Figure 227: Middle East & Africa C-RAN Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	963
	Figure 228: Middle East & Africa DAS Node Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	964
	Figure 229: Middle East & Africa DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	964
	Figure 230: North America HetNet Infrastructure Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	965
	Figure 231: North America Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	966
	Figure 232: North America Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	966
	Figure 233: North America Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	967
	Figure 234: North America Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	967
	Figure 235: North America Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	968
	Figure 236: North America Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	968
	Figure 237: North America Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	969
	Figure 238: North America RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	969
	Figure 239: North America RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	970
	Figure 240: North America C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	970
	Figure 241: North America C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	971
	Figure 242: North America C-RAN Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	971
	Figure 243: North America DAS Node Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	972
	Figure 244: North America DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	972
	Figure 245: Western Europe HetNet Infrastructure Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	973
	Figure 246: Western Europe Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	974
	Figure 247: Western Europe Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	974
	Figure 248: Western Europe Small Cell Backhaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	975
	Figure 249: Western Europe Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	975
	Figure 250: Western Europe Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	976
	Figure 251: Western Europe Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	976
	Figure 252: Western Europe Carrier Wi-Fi Access Point Controller Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	977
	Figure 253: Western Europe RRH Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	977
	Figure 254: Western Europe RRH Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	978
	Figure 255: Western Europe C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	978
	Figure 256: Western Europe C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	979
	Figure 257: Western Europe C-RAN Fronthaul Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	979
	Figure 258: Western Europe DAS Node Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	980
	Figure 259: Western Europe DAS Node Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	980
	Figure 260: Global Unlicensed & Shared Spectrum Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	985
	Figure 261: Global Unlicensed & Shared Spectrum Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	985
	Figure 262: Global Virtualized Small Cell Revenue by Submarket: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	986
	Figure 263: Baseband Processing Distribution Options for C-RAN	987
	Figure 264: Global Military, Tactical & Public Safety LTE Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	989
	Figure 265: Global Military, Tactical & Public Safety LTE Small Cell Unit Shipment Revenue: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	990
	Figure 266: Global Dual-Mode Cellular/Wi-Fi Small Cell Unit Shipments: 2017 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)	991
	Figure 267: Global Enterprise RAN Investments: 2017 – 2030 ($ Million)	993
	Figure 268: Global Small Cell Market Share by Vendor: 2016 (%)	995
	Figure 269: Global Carrier Wi-Fi Market Share by Vendor: 2016 (%)	996
	Figure 270: Global C-RAN Market Share by Vendor: 2016 (%)	997
	Figure 271: Global DAS Market Share by Vendor: 2016 (%)	998