The 5G Wireless Ecosystem: 2017 - 2030 - Technologies, Applications, Verticals, Strategies & Forecasts

 Table of Contents
		
Chapter 1: Introduction	24
1.1	Executive Summary	24
1.2	Topics Covered	26
1.3	Forecast Segmentation	27
1.4	Key Questions Answered	29
1.5	Key Findings	30
1.6	Methodology	31
1.7	Target Audience	32
1.8	Companies & Organizations Mentioned	33
		
Chapter 2: The Evolving 5G Ecosystem	38
2.1	What is 5G?	38
2.2	High-Level Architecture of 5G Networks	38
2.2.1	5G NR (New Radio) Access Network	38
2.2.2	NextGen (Next Generation) Core Network	40
2.3	5G Performance Requirements	40
2.3.1	Data Volume	41
2.3.2	Data Rate	41
2.3.3	Bandwidth	41
2.3.4	Spectral Efficiency	42
2.3.5	Response Time & Latency	42
2.3.6	Connection Density	43
2.3.7	Reliability	43
2.3.8	Mobility	43
2.3.9	Availability & Coverage	44
2.3.10	Energy Efficiency	44
2.4	5G Market Drivers	44
2.4.1	Why the Need for a 5G Standard?	44
2.4.2	Improving Spectrum Utilization	45
2.4.3	Advances in Key Enabling Technologies	45
2.4.4	Gigabit Wireless Connectivity: Supporting Future Services	46
2.4.5	Extreme Device Densities with the IoT (Internet of Things)	46
2.4.6	Moving Towards a Flatter Network Architecture	46
2.4.7	Role of Vertical Sectors & the 4th Industrial Revolution	47
2.5	Challenges & Inhibitors to 5G	47
2.5.1	Standardization Challenges: Too Many Stakeholders	47
2.5.2	Spectrum Regulation & Complexities	48
2.5.3	Massive MIMO, Beamforming & Antenna Technology Issues	48
2.5.4	Higher Frequencies Mean New Infrastructure	48
2.5.5	Complex Performance Requirements	49
2.5.6	Energy Efficiency & Technology Scaling	49
		
Chapter 3: 5G Usage Scenarios, Applications & Vertical Markets	50
3.1	Usage Scenarios	50
3.1.1	eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband)	50
3.1.2	URLCC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications)	51
3.1.3	mMTC (Massive Machine-Type Communications)	51
3.2	Key Applications & Vertical Markets	52
3.2.1	Consumer & Multi-Sector Applications	52
3.2.1.1	FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)	52
3.2.1.2	TV & Media Delivery	54
3.2.1.3	3D Imaging & Holograms	55
3.2.1.4	Virtual Presence	55
3.2.1.5	AR (Augmented Reality)	56
3.2.1.6	VR (Augmented Reality)	57
3.2.1.7	Real-Time Gaming	57
3.2.1.8	Tactile Internet	58
3.2.1.9	Mobile Cloud Services	59
3.2.1.10	5G Enabled Robotics	59
3.2.1.11	Connected Drones	60
3.2.1.12	Smart & Connected Homes	60
3.2.1.13	Connectivity for Smart Wearables	61
3.2.1.14	Conventional Mobile Broadband & Other Applications	61
3.2.2	Healthcare	62
3.2.2.1	Telemedicine	62
3.2.2.2	Bio-Connectivity: Enabling Telecare	63
3.2.2.3	Remote Surgery & Other Applications	63
3.2.3	Automotive & Transportation	64
3.2.3.1	Connected Cars: Infotainment, Navigation & Other Services	64
3.2.3.2	C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything) Communications	65
3.2.3.3	Autonomous Driving	66
3.2.3.4	Intelligent Transportation	67
3.2.3.5	Connectivity for High-Speed Railway, Aerial & Maritime Environments	67
3.2.4	Public Safety & Critical Communications	68
3.2.4.1	MCPTT (Mission-Critical Push-to-Talk)	68
3.2.4.2	Off-Network Secure Communications	68
3.2.4.3	Situational Awareness	69
3.2.4.4	Disaster Relief & Other Applications	69
3.2.5	Industrial Automation	70
3.2.5.1	5G Enabled Smart Factories	70
3.2.5.2	Machine Vision	70
3.2.5.3	Extending the Factory Floor To the Cloud	71
3.2.5.4	Real-Time Assistance & Other Applications	71
3.2.6	Other Vertical Sector Applications	72
3.2.6.1	Agriculture	72
3.2.6.2	Asset Management & Logistics	72
3.2.6.3	Construction	73
3.2.6.4	Education	73
3.2.6.5	Energy, Utilities & Smart Grids	74
3.2.6.6	Fitness & Sports	74
3.2.6.7	Retail, Advertising & Vending	75
3.2.6.8	Smart Cities & Other Sectors	75
		
Chapter 4: Enabling Technologies for 5G	77
4.1	Key Technologies & Concepts	77
4.1.1	Flexible Air Interface Design	77
4.1.1.1	Frame Structure	77
4.1.1.2	Multiple Numerologies	78
4.1.1.3	Other Aspects	79
4.1.2	5G Waveform Candidates	79
4.1.2.1	CP-OFDM (OFDM with Cyclic Prefix)	79
4.1.2.2	CP-OFDM with WOLA (Weighted Overlap and Add)	80
4.1.2.3	FCP-OFDM (Flexible CP-OFDM)	80
4.1.2.4	F-OFDM (Filtered OFDM)	80
4.1.2.5	BF-OFDM (Block Filtered OFDM)	81
4.1.2.6	FBMC (Filter Bank Multi-Carrier)/FB-OFDM (Filter Bank OFDM)	81
4.1.2.7	UFMC (Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier)/UF-OFDM (Universal Filtered OFDM)	82
4.1.2.8	GFDM (Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing)	82
4.1.2.9	SC-FDM (Single Carrier FDM)/DFT-S OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread OFDM)	82
4.1.2.10	Zero-Tail SC-FDM/DFT-S OFDM	83
4.1.2.11	SC-FDE (Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization)	83
4.1.2.12	Other Options	83
4.1.3	Modulation Schemes	84
4.1.3.1	Initial Baseline for 5G NR	84
4.1.3.2	Going Beyond 256-QAM: Higher Order Modulations	85
4.1.3.3	Other Advanced Modulation Schemes	85
4.1.4	Multiple Access Schemes	87
4.1.4.1	OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)	87
4.1.4.2	SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)	87
4.1.4.3	SDMA (Spatial Division Multiple Access)	87
4.1.4.4	Power Domain NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access)	88
4.1.4.5	Code Domain Techniques	88
4.1.4.5.1	MUSA (Multi-User Shared Access)	88
4.1.4.5.2	RSMA (Resource Spread Multiple Access)	89
4.1.4.5.3	LSSA (Low Code Rate and Signature Based Shared Access)	89
4.1.4.5.4	NOCA (Non-Orthogonal Coded Access)	90
4.1.4.5.5	NCMA (Non-Orthogonal Coded Multiple Access)	90
4.1.4.5.6	GOCA (Group Orthogonal Coded Access)	91
4.1.4.6	Hybrid-Domain & Interleaver-Based Techniques	91
4.1.4.6.1	SCMA (Spare Code Multiple Access)	91
4.1.4.6.2	PDMA (Pattern Division Multiple Access)	91
4.1.4.6.3	IDMA (Interleaver Division Multiple Access)	92
4.1.4.6.4	IGMA (Interleave-Grid Multiple Access)	92
4.1.4.6.5	RDMA (Repetition Division Multiple Access)	92
4.1.4.7	Other Methods	93
4.1.5	Channel Coding Schemes	94
4.1.5.1	LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) Coding	94
4.1.5.2	Polar Coding	94
4.1.6	Duplex Schemes	95
4.1.6.1	Dynamic TDD for Higher Frequencies	95
4.1.6.2	FDD and FDP (Flexible Duplexing on Paired Spectrum)	95
4.1.6.3	Full Duplex	96
4.1.7	Centimeter & Millimeter Wave Radio Access	97
4.1.8	Advanced Antenna Technologies	98
4.1.8.1	Massive MIMO & MU-MIMO	98
4.1.8.2	Phased Array Antennas	99
4.1.8.3	Beamforming & Beam Tracking	100
4.1.9	D2D (Device-to-Device) Connectivity & Communication	101
4.1.10	Self-Backhauling & Mesh Networking	102
4.1.11	Spectrum Sharing & Aggregation	103
4.1.11.1	Complex Carrier Aggregation Schemes	103
4.1.11.2	LSA (Licensed Shared Access): Two-Tiered Sharing	103
4.1.11.3	SAS (Spectrum Access System): Three-Tiered Sharing	104
4.1.11.4	LAA (License Assisted Access): Licensed & Unlicensed Spectrum Aggregation	106
4.1.11.5	New Mechanisms for 60 GHz Unlicensed Spectrum Sharing	107
4.1.11.6	MulteFire	107
4.1.11.7	Cognitive Radio & Spectrum Sensing	108
4.1.12	Multi-Site & Multi-RAN Connectivity	108
4.1.12.1	Dual-Connectivity with LTE	108
4.1.12.2	Interoperability with Wi-Fi & Other Networks	108
4.1.12.3	Multi-Site Connectivity & User Centric Cell Access	108
4.1.13	Control and User Plane Separation	109
4.1.14	Network Slicing	110
4.1.14.1	RAN Slicing	111
4.1.14.2	Core Network Slicing	111
4.1.14.3	End-to-End Network Slicing	112
4.1.15	Service Based Architecture	113
4.1.16	Network Security & Privacy Enhancements	114
4.2	Complementary Technologies	115
4.2.1	NFV & SDN	115
4.2.2	Cloud Computing & Hyperscale Data Centers	117
4.2.3	DevOps & Other IT Concepts	117
4.2.4	Big Data & Analytics	118
4.2.5	UDNs (Ultra Dense Networks) & HetNets	118
4.2.6	RAN Centralization & Functional Splitting	119
4.2.6.1	C-RAN (Centralized RAN)	119
4.2.6.2	RAN Functional Split Options	121
4.2.7	Cloud RAN	123
4.2.8	MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing)	124
4.2.9	Wireline Fiber Infrastructure	125
4.2.9.1	Impact of 5G Rollouts on the Fiber Industry	125
4.2.9.2	Delivering Tbps Data Rates	125
4.2.9.3	Current Investment Trends	125
4.2.9.4	Role of Other Wireline Technologies	126
4.2.10	VLC (Visible Light Communication) & Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)	126
4.2.11	Satellites, Drones & Balloons	127
4.2.11.1	Satellite Integration for 5G Access & Transport Networking	127
4.2.11.2	Low-Earth Orbit Satellites for Gigabit Speeds: Existing Investments	128
4.2.11.3	Drones & Balloons for Coverage Extension	128
4.2.11.4	Interest from Mobile Operators	129
		
Chapter 5: 5G Investments & Future Forecast	130
5.1	How Much is Being Invested in 5G R&D?	130
5.2	R&D Investments by Technology	131
5.2.1	New Air Interface & Millimeter Wave Radio Access	132
5.2.2	MIMO, Beamforming & Advanced Antenna Technologies	133
5.2.3	Spectrum Sharing, Aggregation & Interference Management	134
5.2.4	Virtualization & Cloud RAN	135
5.2.5	Network Slicing & Other Technologies	136
5.3	Pre-Standards 5G Network Investments	137
5.3.1	Segmentation by Submarket	138
5.3.2	Base Stations	139
5.3.3	User Equipment	140
5.3.4	Transport Networking & Other Investments	141
5.4	Global Outlook for Standardized 5G Infrastructure	142
5.4.1	Segmentation by Submarket	143
5.4.2	5G NR	143
5.4.2.1	Distributed Macrocell Base Stations	144
5.4.2.2	Small Cells	145
5.4.2.3	RRHs (Remote Radio Heads)	146
5.4.2.4	C-RAN BBUs (Baseband Units)	147
5.4.3	NextGen Core Network	148
5.4.4	Fronthaul & Backhaul Networking	149
5.4.5	Segmentation by Region	149
5.5	Global Outlook for Standardized 5G User Equipment	150
5.5.1	Segmentation by Form Factor	151
5.5.2	Handsets	152
5.5.3	Tablets	153
5.5.4	Embedded IoT Modules	154
5.5.5	USB Dongles	155
5.5.6	Routers	156
5.5.7	Segmentation by Region	157
5.6	Global Outlook for 5G Operator Services	158
5.6.1	Subscriptions	158
5.6.2	Service Revenue	158
5.6.3	Regional Segmentation	159
5.7	Asia Pacific	160
5.7.1	Infrastructure	160
5.7.2	User Equipment	160
5.7.3	Subscriptions	161
5.7.4	Service Revenue	162
5.8	Eastern Europe	163
5.8.1	Infrastructure	163
5.8.2	User Equipment	163
5.8.3	Subscriptions	164
5.8.4	Service Revenue	165
5.9	Latin & Central America	166
5.9.1	Infrastructure	166
5.9.2	User Equipment	166
5.9.3	Subscriptions	167
5.9.4	Service Revenue	168
5.10	Middle East & Africa	169
5.10.1	Infrastructure	169
5.10.2	User Equipment	169
5.10.3	Subscriptions	170
5.10.4	Service Revenue	171
5.11	North America	172
5.11.1	Infrastructure	172
5.11.2	User Equipment	172
5.11.3	Subscriptions	173
5.11.4	Service Revenue	174
5.12	Western Europe	175
5.12.1	Infrastructure	175
5.12.2	User Equipment	175
5.12.3	Subscriptions	176
5.12.4	Service Revenue	177
		
Chapter 6: Mobile Operator Case Studies & Commitments	178
6.1.1	Mobile Operator Case Studies	178
6.1.1.1	AT&T	178
6.1.1.2	BT Group	182
6.1.1.3	China Mobile	184
6.1.1.4	DT (Deutsche Telekom)	187
6.1.1.5	KT Corporation	191
6.1.1.6	NTT DoCoMo	195
6.1.1.7	SK Telecom	199
6.1.1.8	Telefónica	204
6.1.1.9	Verizon Communications	207
6.1.1.10	Vodafone Group	210
6.2	Review of Mobile Operator 5G Commitments	213
6.2.1	Asia Pacific	213
6.2.1.1	Australia	213
6.2.1.2	China	214
6.2.1.3	Hong Kong	215
6.2.1.4	India	215
6.2.1.5	Japan	215
6.2.1.6	Philippines	217
6.2.1.7	Singapore	217
6.2.1.8	South Korea	218
6.2.1.9	Taiwan	219
6.2.1.10	Thailand	221
6.2.2	Europe	222
6.2.2.1	Belgium	222
6.2.2.2	Finland	222
6.2.2.3	France	222
6.2.2.4	Germany	223
6.2.2.5	Italy	223
6.2.2.6	Netherlands	224
6.2.2.7	Russia	224
6.2.2.8	Sweden	225
6.2.2.9	Switzerland	225
6.2.2.10	Turkey	226
6.2.2.11	United Kingdom	226
6.2.2.12	Other Countries	227
6.2.3	Latin & Central America	228
6.2.3.1	Brazil	228
6.2.3.2	Mexico	229
6.2.4	Middle East & Africa	230
6.2.4.1	Bahrain	230
6.2.4.2	Kuwait	230
6.2.4.3	Other Countries	230
6.2.4.4	Qatar	231
6.2.4.5	Saudi Arabia	231
6.2.4.6	UAE	231
6.2.5	North America	233
6.2.5.1	Canada	233
6.2.5.2	United States	233
		
Chapter 7: Spectrum for 5G Networks	237
7.1	Potential Frequency Bands for 5G	237
7.1.1	Sub-1 GHz Bands	238
7.1.2	1-6 GHz Bands	239
7.1.2.1	3.4 GHz	239
7.1.2.2	3.5 GHz	239
7.1.2.3	4.5 GHz	239
7.1.2.4	5 GHz	240
7.1.3	Bands Above 6 GHz	240
7.1.3.1	15 GHz	240
7.1.3.2	24-30 GHz	240
7.1.3.3	30-60 GHz	241
7.1.3.4	E-Band (60-90 GHz)	241
7.1.3.5	Higher Bands	241
7.2	Status of 5G Spectrum Allocation	242
7.3	Asia Pacific	242
7.3.1	Australia	242
7.3.2	China	242
7.3.3	Japan	243
7.3.4	Singapore	243
7.3.5	South Korea	244
7.3.6	Taiwan	244
7.3.7	Other Countries	244
7.4	Europe	245
7.4.1	European Commission & CEPT Recommendations	245
7.4.2	National Initiatives	246
7.5	Latin & Central America	247
7.5.1	CITEL Recommendations	247
7.5.2	National Initiatives	248
7.6	Middle East & Africa	248
7.6.1	GCC Countries	248
7.6.2	Africa & Other Countries	249
7.7	North America	249
7.7.1	Canada	249
7.7.2	United States	249
		
Chapter 8: 5G Standardization, Development & Research Initiatives	251
8.1	3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)	251
8.1.1	Phased Standardization Approach	251
8.1.1.1	Phase 1: Release 15	252
8.1.1.2	Phase 2: Release 16	253
8.1.1.3	Enhancements to Address 5G Objectives in Earlier Releases	253
8.1.2	Key Aspects of 5G Standardization	253
8.1.2.1	5G NR Access Network	253
8.1.2.2	Support for Other Access Networks	254
8.1.2.3	NextGen System Architecture	254
8.1.2.4	Deployment Modes: Non-Standalone vs. Standalone Operation	256
8.2	5G Americas	258
8.2.1	5G Advocacy Efforts	258
8.3	5GAA (5G Automotive Association)	259
8.3.1	Advocacy for 5G & Cellular V2X Technology	259
8.3.2	Other Alliances in the Automotive Sector	259
8.4	Broadband Forum	260
8.4.1	Broadband 20/20 Vision: Convergence of 5G Mobile & Fixed Networks	260
8.5	CableLabs	260
8.5.1	Research on High Capacity Millimeter Wave Small Cells	260
8.5.2	Other Work Relevant to 5G	261
8.6	DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Alliance)	261
8.6.1	Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for 5G	261
8.7	ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)	262
8.7.1	ISGs (Industry Specification Groups) for 5G Enabling Technologies	262
8.7.1.1	mWT ISG (Millimeter Wave Transmission ISG)	262
8.7.1.2	ISG NFV (ISG for Network Functions Virtualization)	262
8.7.1.3	OSG OSM (Open Source Group for Open Source MANO)	263
8.7.1.4	ISG MEC (ISG for Multi Access Edge Computing)	263
8.7.1.5	ISG NGP (ISG for Next Generation Protocols)	263
8.7.1.6	ISG MBC (ISG for Mobile/Broadcast Convergence)	263
8.7.2	Other Work	263
8.8	GSMA	264
8.8.1	5G Program & Spectrum Policy	264
8.9	GTI	265
8.9.1	5G Innovation Program	265
8.10	IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)	266
8.10.1	IEEE Future Directions 5G Initiative	266
8.10.2	Contribution to 5G Standards Development	266
8.11	IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)	267
8.11.1	Contribution to 5G NextGen Core Standards	267
8.11.1.1	5Gangip (5G Aspects of Next Generation Internet Protocols) Special Group	267
8.11.1.2	Proposed NMLRG (Network Machine Learning Research Group)	268
8.11.1.3	Internet-Draft on Network Slicing	268
8.11.1.4	Other Work Relevant to 5G	268
8.12	ITU (International Telecommunication Union)	269
8.12.1	IMT-2020 Family of Standards	269
8.12.2	WP 5D (Working Party 5D)	270
8.12.3	FG IMT-2020 (Focus Group on IMT-2020)	271
8.12.4	Spectrum Allocation	272
8.13	NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks) Alliance	273
8.13.1	5G Work Program	273
8.13.1.1	Ecosystem Building & Interaction	273
8.13.1.2	Guidance to SDOs & the Wider Industry	273
8.13.1.3	Evaluation of Test & PoC Results	274
8.13.2	New Work-Items	274
8.13.2.1	5G Trial & Testing Initiative	274
8.13.2.2	End-to-End Architecture	274
8.13.2.3	Vehicle-to-X	274
8.14	OCP (Open Compute Project) Foundation	275
8.14.1	Telco Project	275
8.15	ONF (Open Networking Foundation) & ON.Lab (Open Networking Lab)	276
8.15.1	CORD (Central Office Re-Architected as a Datacenter)	276
8.15.2	M-CORD (M-Central Office Re-Architected as a Datacenter)	277
8.16	SIMalliance	278
8.16.1	5GWG (5G Working Group): Recommendations for 5G Security	278
8.17	Small Cell Forum	280
8.17.1	Mapping 5G Requirements for Small Cells	280
8.18	TIP (Telecom Infra Project)	281
8.18.1	OpenCellular Access Platform	281
8.18.2	Open Optical Packet Transport	281
8.18.3	Mobile Core Simplification	282
8.19	TM Forum	282
8.19.1	5G Working Group	282
8.20	Wi-Fi Alliance	282
8.20.1	Positioning WiGig as a 5G Technology	283
8.20.2	Other Work Relevant to 5G	283
8.21	WBA (Wireless Broadband Alliance)	284
8.21.1	Advocacy Efforts for 5G Convergence with Wi-Fi	284
8.22	WinnForum (Wireless Innovation Forum)	284
8.22.1	Spectrum Sharing Specifications for LTE & 5G Networks	284
8.23	WWRF (World Wireless Research Forum)	285
8.23.1	New WGs (Working Groups) for 5G	285
8.23.1.1	WG High Frequency Technologies	285
8.23.1.2	WG 5G e/m-Health and Wearables	286
8.23.1.3	WG The Connected Car	286
8.23.1.4	WG End-to-End Network Slicing	287
8.24	xRAN Consortium	288
8.24.1	Standardization for Software-Based RAN	288
8.25	Other Collaborative & Standardization Organizations	289
8.26	European Initiatives	290
8.26.1	5G PPP (5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership)	290
8.26.1.1	5G IA (5G Infrastructure Association)	291
8.26.1.2	Key Working Groups	291
8.26.1.3	Major Research Projects	292
8.26.2	European Commission's 5G Roadmap	297
8.26.2.1	Phase 1: The Future of 5G Network Architecture	297
8.26.2.2	Phase 2: Demonstrations & Experiments	297
8.26.2.3	Phase 3: Integration of End-to-End 5G experimental network infrastructure	298
8.26.3	5G Manifesto	299
8.26.4	5G Action Plan	300
8.27	National Initiatives	301
8.27.1	United States	301
8.27.1.1	NSF (National Science Foundation)	301
8.27.1.2	NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)	301
8.27.1.3	ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)	302
8.27.1.4	TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)	302
8.27.2	South Korea	303
8.27.2.1	5G Forum	303
8.27.2.2	ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunications Research)	303
8.27.2.3	TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association of Korea)	304
8.27.3	Japan	304
8.27.3.1	ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses)	304
8.27.3.2	TTC (Telecommunication Technology Committee)	305
8.27.3.3	5GMF (Fifth Generation Mobile Communications Promotion Forum)	305
8.27.4	China	307
8.27.4.1	IMT-2020 5G Promotion Group	307
8.27.4.2	CCSA (China Communications Standards Association)	308
8.27.4.3	863 Research Program	308
8.27.4.4	FuTURE Mobile Communication Forum	309
8.27.5	Taiwan	309
8.27.5.1	ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute)	309
8.27.5.2	TAICS (Taiwan Association of Information and Communication Standards)	309
8.27.6	Turkey	310
8.27.6.1	ICTA (Information and Communication Technologies Authority)	310
8.27.6.2	5GTR (Turkish 5G Forum)	310
8.27.7	Malaysia	310
8.27.7.1	MTSFB (Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd)	310
8.27.7.2	Malaysia 5G Committee	311
8.27.8	Indonesia	311
8.27.8.1	i5GF (Indonesia 5G Forum)	311
8.27.9	India	311
8.27.9.1	TSDSI (Telecommunications Standards Development Society India)	311
8.27.9.2	GISFI (Global ICT Standardization Forum for India)	311
8.27.10	Russia	312
8.27.10.1	5GRUS	312
8.28	Mobile Operator Led Initiatives & Innovation Labs	313
8.28.1	Pre-Standards Deployment Initiatives	313
8.28.1.1	5G TSA (5G Open Trial Specification Alliance)	313
8.28.1.2	5GTF (5G Technical Forum), Verizon Communications	313
8.28.1.3	5G-SIG (Special Interest Group), KT Corporation	313
8.28.1.4	5G-DF (5G Development Forum), KT Corporation	314
8.28.2	Innovation Labs	314
8.28.2.1	5G Innovation Center, China Mobile	314
8.28.2.2	5G:Haus, DT (Deutsche Telekom)	315
8.28.2.3	5TONIC, Telefónica	315
8.28.2.4	Others	316
8.29	Academic & Research Institute Initiatives	317
8.29.1	5G Lab Germany at TU Dresden	317
8.29.2	5G Playground, Fraunhofer FOKUS	317
8.29.3	5GIC (5G Innovation Center, University of Surrey)	319
8.29.4	5GTNF (5G Test Network Finland), University of Oulu	320
8.29.5	Hiroshima University	320
8.29.6	NYU WIRELESS (New York University)	321
8.29.7	OSA (OpenAirInterface Software Alliance), EURECOM	322
8.29.8	Tokyo Institute of Technology	323
8.29.9	UC Berkeley (University of California, Berkeley)	324
8.29.10	USC (University of Southern California) Viterbi School of Engineering	324
8.29.11	UT Austin (University of Texas at Austin)	325
8.29.12	WINLAB (Wireless Information Network Laboratory), Rutgers University	325
		
Chapter 9: Vendor Demonstrations, Commitments & Strategies	327
9.1	Argela	327
9.1.1	5G Strategy	327
9.1.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	327
9.2	Cisco Systems	328
9.2.1	5G Strategy	328
9.2.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	328
9.3	Cohere Technologies	329
9.3.1	5G Strategy	329
9.3.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	329
9.4	Ericsson	330
9.4.1	5G Strategy	330
9.4.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	330
9.5	Fujitsu	333
9.5.1	5G Strategy	333
9.5.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	333
9.6	Google	335
9.6.1	5G Strategy	335
9.6.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	335
9.7	Huawei	336
9.7.1	5G Strategy	336
9.7.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	336
9.8	Intel Corporation	339
9.8.1	5G Strategy	339
9.8.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	339
9.9	InterDigital	341
9.9.1	5G Strategy	341
9.9.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	341
9.10	Juniper Networks	342
9.10.1	5G Strategy	342
9.10.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	342
9.11	Keysight Technologies	343
9.11.1	5G Strategy	343
9.11.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	343
9.12	Kumu Networks	345
9.12.1	5G Strategy	345
9.12.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	345
9.13	LG Electronics	346
9.13.1	5G Strategy	346
9.13.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	346
9.14	Mitsubishi Electric	347
9.14.1	5G Strategy	347
9.14.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	347
9.15	NEC Corporation	348
9.15.1	5G Strategy	348
9.15.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	348
9.16	NI (National Instruments)	350
9.16.1	5G Strategy	350
9.16.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	350
9.17	Nokia Networks	351
9.17.1	5G Strategy	351
9.17.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	351
9.18	Panasonic Corporation	354
9.18.1	5G Strategy	354
9.18.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	354
9.19	Qorvo	355
9.19.1	5G Strategy	355
9.19.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	355
9.20	Qualcomm	356
9.20.1	5G Strategy	356
9.20.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	356
9.21	Rohde & Schwarz	358
9.21.1	5G Strategy	358
9.21.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	358
9.22	Samsung Electronics	359
9.22.1	5G Strategy	359
9.22.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	359
9.23	SiBEAM	361
9.23.1	5G Strategy	361
9.23.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	361
9.24	ZTE	362
9.24.1	5G Strategy	362
9.24.2	Demonstrations & Trial Commitments	362

List of Figures

	Figure 1: 5G Network Architecture & Interaction with Other Networks	39
	Figure 2: 5G Performance Requirements	40
	Figure 3: 5G FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) Deployment Alternatives	53
	Figure 4: Convergence of 5G with Wireline Networks	53
	Figure 5: 5G for TV & Media Delivery	54
	Figure 6: Example Usage Scenarios for C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything)	65
	Figure 7: Example Channel Bandwidths for 5G Networks	78
	Figure 8: Impact of Massive MIMO on Cell Coverage & Capacity	98
	Figure 9: Sidelink Air Interface for ProSe (Proximity Services)	101
	Figure 10: LSA (License Shared Access) Regulatory Architecture	104
	Figure 11: Conceptual Architecture for End-to-End Network Slicing in Mobile Networks	110
	Figure 12: Service Based Architecture for 5G	113
	Figure 13: NFV Concept	115
	Figure 14: Transition to UDNs (Ultra-Dense Networks)	119
	Figure 15: C-RAN Architecture	120
	Figure 16: RAN Functional Split Options	121
	Figure 17: Performance Comparison of RAN Functional Split Options	122
	Figure 18: Cloud RAN Concept	123
	Figure 19: Global 5G R&D Investments: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million)	130
	Figure 20: Global 5G R&D Investments by Technology: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million)	131
	Figure 21: Global 5G R&D Investments on New Air Interface & Millimeter Wave Radio Access: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million)	132
	Figure 22: Global 5G R&D Investments on MIMO, Beamforming & Advanced Antenna Technologies: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million)	133
	Figure 23: Global 5G R&D Investments on Spectrum Sharing, Aggregation & Interference Management: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million)	134
	Figure 24: Global 5G R&D Investments on Virtualization & Cloud RAN: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million)	135
	Figure 25: Global 5G R&D Investments on Network Slicing & Other Technologies: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million)	136
	Figure 26: Global Pre-Standards 5G Network Investments: 2016 - 2018 ($ Million)	137
	Figure 27: Global Pre-Standards 5G Network Investments by Submarket: 2016 - 2018 ($ Million)	138
	Figure 28: Global Pre-Standards 5G Base Station Shipments: 2016 - 2018 (Units)	139
	Figure 29: Global Pre-Standards 5G Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2018 ($ Million)	139
	Figure 30: Global Pre-Standards 5G User Equipment Shipments: 2016 - 2018 (Units)	140
	Figure 31: Global Pre-Standards 5G User Equipment Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2018 ($ Million)	140
	Figure 32: Global Transport Networking & Other Investments for Pre-Standards 5G Networks: 2016 - 2018 ($ Million)	141
	Figure 33: Global 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	142
	Figure 34: Global 5G Infrastructure Investments by Submarket: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	143
	Figure 35: Global 5G NR Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	143
	Figure 36: Global 5G NR Investments by Submarket: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	144
	Figure 37: Global 5G Distributed Macrocell Base Station Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	144
	Figure 38: Global 5G Distributed Macrocell Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	145
	Figure 39: Global 5G Small Cell Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	145
	Figure 40: Global 5G Small Cell Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	146
	Figure 41: Global 5G RRH Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	146
	Figure 42: Global 5G RRH Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	147
	Figure 43: Global 5G C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	147
	Figure 44: Global 5G C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	148
	Figure 45: Global NextGen Core Network Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	148
	Figure 46: Global 5G Fronthaul & Backhaul Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	149
	Figure 47: 5G Infrastructure Investments by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	149
	Figure 48: Global 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units)	150
	Figure 49: Global 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	150
	Figure 50: Global 5G Device Unit Shipments by Form Factor: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units)	151
	Figure 51: Global 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue by Form Factor: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	151
	Figure 52: Global 5G Handset Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units)	152
	Figure 53: Global 5G Handset Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	152
	Figure 54: Global 5G Tablet Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units)	153
	Figure 55: Global 5G Tablet Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	153
	Figure 56: Global 5G Embedded IoT Module Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units)	154
	Figure 57: Global 5G Embedded IoT Module Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	154
	Figure 58: Global 5G USB Dongle Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units)	155
	Figure 59: Global 5G USB Dongle Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	155
	Figure 60: Global 5G Router Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units)	156
	Figure 61: Global 5G Router Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	156
	Figure 62: 5G Device Unit Shipments by Region: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units)	157
	Figure 63: 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	157
	Figure 64: Global 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions)	158
	Figure 65: Global 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	158
	Figure 66: 5G Subscriptions by Region: 2019 - 2030 (Millions)	159
	Figure 67: 5G Service Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	159
	Figure 68: Asia Pacific 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	160
	Figure 69: Asia Pacific 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	160
	Figure 70: Asia Pacific 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	161
	Figure 71: Asia Pacific 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions)	161
	Figure 72: Asia Pacific 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	162
	Figure 73: Eastern Europe 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	163
	Figure 74: Eastern Europe 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	163
	Figure 75: Eastern Europe 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	164
	Figure 76: Eastern Europe 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions)	164
	Figure 77: Eastern Europe 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	165
	Figure 78: Latin & Central America 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	166
	Figure 79: Latin & Central America 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	166
	Figure 80: Latin & Central America 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	167
	Figure 81: Latin & Central America 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions)	167
	Figure 82: Latin & Central America 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	168
	Figure 83: Middle East & Africa 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	169
	Figure 84: Middle East & Africa 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	169
	Figure 85: Middle East & Africa 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	170
	Figure 86: Middle East & Africa 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions)	170
	Figure 87: Middle East & Africa 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	171
	Figure 88: North America 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	172
	Figure 89: North America 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	172
	Figure 90: North America 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	173
	Figure 91: North America 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions)	173
	Figure 92: North America 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	174
	Figure 93: Western Europe 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million)	175
	Figure 94: Western Europe 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units)	175
	Figure 95: Western Europe 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	176
	Figure 96: Western Europe 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions)	176
	Figure 97: Western Europe 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion)	177
	Figure 98: Configuration and Key Performance Metrics for KT's Pre-Commercial 5G Network	191
	Figure 99: NTT DoCoMo’s 5G Roadmap	196
	Figure 100: SK Telecom’s Phased 5G Approach	200
	Figure 101: SK Telecom's View on BBU-RRH Functional Split Options for 5G C-RAN	201
	Figure 102: Key Characteristics of Verizon's 5G Specifications	209
	Figure 103: Distribution of 5G Trials & Demos by Frequency Band: Q1'2017 (%)	237
	Figure 104: 3GPP 5G Standardization Roadmap	252
	Figure 105: High Level View for NextGen System Architecture	254
	Figure 106: Key Features in Phase 1 of 3GPP's NextGen System Architecture	256
	Figure 107: Non-Standalone Deployment Mode for 5G Networks	257
	Figure 108: Standalone Deployment Mode for 5G Networks	257
	Figure 109: Comparison of IMT-2020 and IMT-Advanced Performance Requirements	270
	Figure 110: IMT-2020 Development Roadmap	271
	Figure 111: M-CORD Focus Areas	277
	Figure 112: Common Security Threats in 5G Networks	279
	Figure 113: European Commission's 5G Networks & Service Vision	290
	Figure 114: European Commission's 5G Roadmap	298
	Figure 115: ARIB’s Vision of Radio Access Technologies for 5G	305
	Figure 116: 5GMF's 5G Implementation Roadmap	306
	Figure 117: IMT-2020 5G Promotion Group's 5G Implementation Roadmap	307 

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