GPCR - Drug Targets

 Table of Content

1. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
2. REPORT SYNOPSIS
2.1 Introduction
Agonist
Antagonist
GEFs (Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor)
Receptor Regulation
Receptor Desensitization
Ras SuperFamily
GPCR
Products of GPCR and Profiling Services
GPCRs as Drug Targets
Cell Surface Receptor Expression of a High Order
Functionally Oriented GPCR
The Purpose of GPCR Profiling
The Speeding Up of Successful Drug Discovery
Secondary and Custom Assay Services
Advantages
History of GPCR
Other Receptors
G-Protein
History of G-Proteins
2.2 Segmentation of GPCR – Drug Targets
Exhibit 1. Segmentation of Global GPCR –Drug Targets Market by GPCR Families and by type of Ligands Targeting GPCRs
GPCR Families
Rhodopsin
Secretin
Glutamate
Other
GPCR Targeting Ligands
Peptides or Proteins
Biogenic Amines
Lipids
Other
2.3 GPCR – Drug Targets - Global Market Analysis
Exhibit 2. GPCR – Drug Targets - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 3. List of Major Global GPCR related Companies
3. MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1 Market Overview
3.2 Global GPCR - Drug Targets Market
Exhibit 4. GPCRs- Drug Targets - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 5. GPCRs- Drug Targets - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World
3.2 (I) North American GPCR - Drug Targets Market
3.2 (II) European GPCR - Drug Targets Market
3.2 (III) Japanese GPCR - Drug Targets Market
3.2 (IV) Asia-Pacific GPCR - Drug Targets Market
3.2 (V) Rest of World GPCR - Drug Targets Market
3.3 Product Trends
Screening of GPCR Ligands and Drugs Regulating GPCRs
Databases to Accelerate Drug Discovery
Identifying Ligand
More…………….
3.4 Company Profiles - Major Players in GPCR - Drug Target Market
Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (USA)
Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Switzerland)
Addex Therapeutics (Switzerland)
Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (USA)
Cara Therapeutics, Inc. (USA)
Dimerix Bioscience Ltd. (Australia)
DiscoveRx Corporation (USA)
Domain Therapeutics SA (France)
EMD Millipore (USA)
Euroscreen SA (Belgium)
Exalpha Biologicals, Inc. (USA)
GVK Biosciences Private Limited (India)
H. Lundbeck A/S (Denmark)
Heptares Therapeutics (UK)
LifeSpan Biosciences, Inc. (USA)
Molecular Deveices LLC (USA)
Omeros Corporation (USA)
PerkinElmer, Inc. (USA)
Receptos, Inc. (USA)
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. (Japan)
Trevana, Inc. (USA)
3.5 Major Activities in GPCR Drug Targets Market
Heptares Expands Global Patent Protection for GPCR-Focused Drug Discovery Platform with the Grant of Core Patents in the US
Euroscreen Successfully Completes Phase I Trial of ESN364
The UK Biomedical Catalyst Awards Grant to Heptares for Orphan Disease Program
Euroscreen Collaborates with Merck
Heptares Granted Project to Develop Oral First-in-class Selective GLP-1 Receptor Antagonist to Treat Severe Hypoglycemia
More….
3.6 Analysis by GPCR Families
Exhibit 6. GPCR - Drug Targets by GPCR Families - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) for Rhodopsin, Secretin, Glutamate and Other in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 7. GPCR - Drug Targets by GPCR Families - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by GPCR Families for Rhodopsin, Secretin, Glutamate and Other (Graphical Representation Included)
3.6.1 Rhodopsin
3.6.1.1 Global Rhodopsin Market
Exhibit 8. Rhodopsin - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 9. Rhodopsin - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World
3.6.1.1 (I) North American Rhodopsin Market
3.6.1.1 (II) European Rhodopsin Market
3.6.1.1 (III) Japanese Rhodopsin Market
3.6.1.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Rhodopsin Market
3.6.1.1 (V) Rest of World Rhodopsin Market
3.6.2 Secretin
3.6.2.1 Global Secretin Market
Exhibit 10. Secretin - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 11. Secretin - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World
3.6.2.1 (I) North American Secretin Market
3.6.2.1 (II) European Secretin Market
3.6.2.1 (III) Japanese Secretin Market
3.6.2.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Secretin Market
3.6.2.1 (V) Rest of World Secretin Market
3.6.3 Glutamate
3.6.3.1 Global Glutamate Market
Exhibit 12. Glutamate - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 13. Glutamate - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World
3.6.3.1 (I) North American Glutamate Market
3.6.3.1 (II) European Glutamate Market
3.6.3.1 (III) Japanese Glutamate Market
3.6.3.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Glutamate Market
3.6.3.1 (V) Rest of World Glutamate Market
3.6.4 Other GPCR – Drug Targets Families
3.6.4.1 Global Market for Other GPCR – Drug Targets Families
Exhibit 14. Other GPCR – Drug Targets Families - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 15. Other GPCR – Drug Targets Families - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World
3.7 Analysis Ligands Targeting GPCR
3.7.1 Peptides or Proteins
Exhibit 16. GPCR - Drug Targets by GPCR Targeting Ligands - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) for Peptides or Proteins, Biogenic Amines, Lipids and Other in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 17. GPCR - Drug Targets by GPCR Targeting Ligands - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Peptides or Proteins, Biogenic Amines, Lipids and Other (Graphical Representation Included)
3.7.1.1 Global Market for Peptides or Proteins as GPCR Ligands
Exhibit 18. Peptides or Proteins as GPCR Ligands - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 19. Peptides or Proteins as GPCR Ligands - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World
3.7.1.1 (I) North American Market for Peptides or Proteins as Ligand Targets
3.7.1.1 (II) European Market for Peptides or Proteins as Ligand Targets
3.7.1.1 (III) Japanese Market for Peptides or Proteins as Ligand Targets
3.7.1.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Market for Peptides or Proteins as Ligand Targets
3.7.1.1 (V) Rest of World Market for Peptides or Proteins as Ligand Targets
3.7.2 Biogenic Amines
3.7.2.1 Global Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets
Exhibit 20. Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 21. Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World
3.7.2.1 (I) North American Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets
3.7.2.1 (II) European Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets
3.7.2.1 (III) Japanese Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets
3.7.2.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets
3.7.2.1 (V) Rest of World Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets
3.7.3 Lipids
3.7.3.1 Global Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets
Exhibit 22. Lipids as Ligand Targets - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 23. Lipids as Ligand Targets - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World
3.7.3.1 (I) North American Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets
3.7.3.1 (II) European Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets
3.7.3.1 (III) Japanese Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets
3.7.3.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets
3.7.3.1 (V) Rest of World Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets
3.7.4 Other Ligand Targets
3.7.4.1 Global Market for Other Ligand Targets
Exhibit 24. Other Ligand Targets - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included)
Exhibit 25. Other Ligand Targets - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World
3.8 GPCR – Drug Targets – Market Outlook
4. PRODUCT/TECHNOLOGY RESARCH
4.1 Introduction
GPCR Tractability: Current Therapeutics
GPCR
History of GPCR
Other Receptors
Structure of GPCR
Distribution
Role
G-Protein
History of G-Proteins
Structure
Role
Signal Transduction and Cell Response
Discoveries Pertaining to Signal Transduction
Mechanism of Signal Transduction
Regulation of Signal Transduction
Receptors of Signal Transduction
Ligands
Exhibit 26. Extracellular Ligands and the Receptor they Bind
Exhibit 27. Intracellular Ligands and the Receptors they Bind
Receptors
Intracellular Receptors
Cell Surface Receptors
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Integrins
Toll-Like Receptors
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptors
G-Proteins
Second Messengers
Diseases Associated with Signal Transduction
Dimerization & Oligomerization of GPCR
Dimerization of GPCR
Ontogeny
Regulation of Ligand
Dimerization in Signal Transduction
Internalization
Physiological Characteristics
Functional Dimerization of GPCRs
Homo and Hetero Dimerization
Function of GPCRs and Ligands
Is Every GPCR a Dimer?
Why GPCRs to be Dimers
GPCRs Permanent Dimers
GPCR Dimerization
Oligomeric Complex Containing Two GPCRs
Hypothesis II
The Inclination of GPCRs to Form Heterodimers
Altering of GPCR Dimers with Ligands
Oligomerization
Efficacy and Potency of a Ligand Differ for Monomeric and Oligomeric Receptors
Applications of Dimerization and Oligomerization
Dimerization
Dimer
Pharmacological Diversity
Effect of GPCR Dimerization on Ligand Pharmacology or Function
Effect of Dimerization of G-Protein Coupled Receptor
Heterodimerization of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptor Oligomerization for Neuroendocrine Pathways
Application of Computational Methods in Drug Designing
Concept for G-Protein Activation by G-Protein Coupled Receptor Dimers
G-Protein Coupled Receptor Heterodimerization
Oligomerization
Significance of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Oligomerization for Cell Signaling and
G-Protein Activation
Homo and Hetero-Oligomerization of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Application of Oligomer Interface Prediction Method in Class A, G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Regulator of G-Protein Signaling
Introduction
G-Protein Subunit –Like Domain and Its Features
Regulation of RGS Expression and Effects of Various Factors
Sub Cellular Localization for Accomplishment of GAP Activity
Phosphorylation and Palmitoylation in RGS proteins
Protein and Lipid-Binding Partners
Receptor Selectivity
Regulator of G-Protein Signaling
Expression of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling Proteins
Expression of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling Proteins in Natural Killer Cells and Modulation
Regulator of G-Protein Signaling Proteins Applications
Novel Multifunctional Drug Targets
RGS Proteins as Drug Targets
RGS Proteins Differentially Control Chondrocyte Differentiation
Multi-Tasking Rgs Proteins in the Heart
Regulation of GPCR Signaling By Scaffold Proteins
RGS Proteins and the Cardiovascular System
Human Heart Failure
Functioning of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Mode of Action of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
GPCR – G-Protein Coupling
Receptor Structure
Heterotrimeric G-Proteins
Activation Cycle of G-Proteins by G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Receptor Activation
Molecular Switch
Receptor
Binding and Activation
Activation of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Basic Method of Action
Pathway Description
Agonist-Specific Coupling
Agonists and Antagonists
Specific Coupling
Allosteric GPCR Agonists and Antagonists
4.2 G-Protein Coupled Receptor Kinases
Rhodopsin Kinase
Serine/Threonine-Specific Protein Kinases
Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases
Histidine-Specific Protein Kinases
Beta Adrenergic Receptor Kinase
Beta Adrenergic Receptor Kinase-2
Classification of GPCR
GPCR Classes
Types of Rhodopsins
Class B Secretin Like
Stimulus
Function
Structure
Class C Metabotropic Glutamate / Pheromone
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
Classification of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
Group I
Group II & Group III
Localization
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor
The Form of Muscarinic Receptors
Class E cAMP Receptors
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
Functions
cAMP Synthesis and Decomposition
Protein Kinase Activation
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
Synthesis
Effects
Protein Kinase Activation
Class F Frizzled/Smoothened Family
Frizzled
Smoothened
The Structural Diversity of G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Their Role in Drug Discovery
The Rhodopsin Receptor Family/Class A
Recently De-orphanized Rhodopsin GPCRs
Exhibit 28. Classification of Rhodopsine SubFamilies Based on Type of Ligand Targeting
The Secretin Receptor Family – Class B
Exhibit 29. Sub-Families of Secretin Family Receptors
The Adhesion Receptor Family –Class B
De-Orphanized Adhesion Receptors
Orphan Adhesion Receptors
The Glutamate Family – Class C
Exhibit 30. Sub Families of Glutamate Family
The Frizzled/Taste2 Receptor
The Frizzled and Smoothened Receptors
Taste 2 Receptors
The Success of GPCRs
GPCRs Applications
GPCR Expression in the Heart
Regulation of the Cardiovascular System
GPCR Signals and Heterotrimeric G-Protein Activation
GPCR for Classical and Nonclassical Agonists for Cardiac and Fibroblasts
The Role of GPCRs in Cardiac Activities and Signal Transduction
GPCRs-Polymorphic Nature
New Drugs
Orphan GPCR Applications
Orphan Receptors
GPR56
Bob/GPR15
GPR1
Adenine Receptor
Neuropeptides
GPR34, GPR44, & GPR45
Ligand-Independent Functions of GPCRs
Chemokine Identification
Identification of a Novel CC Chemokine
Xcr1 Expression in Rheumatoid Joints
Molecular Cloning and Chromosomal Localization of GPCR
Sensing of Protons in G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Ligand of the Human GPCR: Sphingosine 1-Phosphate
GPCRs in Human Neuropeptides
Characterization of Binding of Human Prolactin Releasing Peptide, A GPCR
Regulation of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling and Trafficking
Protease-Activated Receptors
Where are PARS present?
PAR Activation and G-Protein Signaling
G-Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase (GRK)
GPCR Array Technology in the Process of Drug Discovery
Introduction
GPCR Microarrays in Pharmaceutical Industry
Other GPCR Receptors
Adenosine Receptor: Its Omnipresent Nature
GABA Receptor: Vital Neuro Transmitter
GABAA
GABAC
Angiotensin Receptor: A Variety of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
AT1
AT2
AT3 and AT4 Receptors
Cannabinoid Receptor: A Variety of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Cannabinoid Receptor Subtypes
CB1
CB2
Cholecystokinin Receptor and Its Subtypes
Dopamine Receptor: A Metabotropic G-Protein Coupled Receptor
D1-Like Family (Excitatory)
D2-Like Family (Inhibitory)
Somatostatin Receptor or Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
Histamine Receptor with Histamine as Their Endogenous Ligand
Olfactory Receptors: Class A Variety of G-Protein Coupled Receptor
Structure of Olfactory Receptors
Regeneration
Calcium-Sensing Receptor and its Key Role in Parathyroid Gland
Chemokine Receptor and Its Structure
Opioid Receptors
Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors
Orphan Receptor
Rhodopsin
The Adrenergic Receptor and Its Applications
Introduction
Agonist-Binding Site of β2 –Adrenergic Receptors
Binding Site for β2 –Adrenergic Receptors – Selective Agonists
Binding to a Constitutively Active Receptor
The Role of Different Amino Acids in the Binding of Agonists and Antagonists
Adrenergic Receptors 325 Agonist-Specific Changes in Receptor Conformation
Relationship Between the β2 –Adrenergic Receptor-Selective Binding Site and the
Exosite of Salmeterol
Agonist-Induced Specific Conformational Changes of Receptors
Responses to Partial Agonists
Desensitization and Partial Agonists
Internalization, Lysosome Targeting and Desensitization
Polymorphism of Human β2 -Adrenergic Receptors
Polymorphism of β2 - Adrenergic Receptors and Agonist Actions
Secretin
Glutamate
Other
Physiological Roles of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Function of Molecule Binds to Receptors
GPCRs Involved in Physiological Processes
Opsin Functions
Neurotransmitters
Types of Neurotransmitters
Effects
Examples of Neurotransmitter Action
Neurotransmitters Functioning
Post-Synaptic Effect
Specifications
Neurotransmitters Specific Actions Targeted by Drugs
Common Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Serotonin’s Role in Central Nervous System
Serotonin in the Body
The Pathway for the Synthesis of Serotonin from Tryptophan
Serotonin in Neurotransmission
Pharmacology
Receptors
Psychedelic Modulation
Therapeutic Modulation
Modulating Levels
Antidepressants
Antiemetics
Serotonin Syndrome
Serotonin Syndrome’s Effect
Bacteria, Yeast, Algae, Parasites
Exhibit 31. GPCR Targeted Cancer Drugs
Dopamine
Functions in the Brain
Movement
Cognition and Frontal Cortex
Regulating Prolactin Secretion
Motivation and Pleasure
Latent Inhibition and Creative Drive
Links to Psychosis
Dopamine Hypothesis of Psychosis
Therapeutic Use
Dopamine and Fruit Browning
Dopamine Like Family
D1-Like Family
D2-Like Family (inhibitory)
Role of Dopamine Receptors in the Central Nervous System
Cardio-Pulmonary System
Renal System
Dopamine Receptors in Disease
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Recreational Drug Use and Abuse
Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Genetic Hypertension
Exhibit 32. GPCR Targeted CNS Drugs
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Functions
Modulation of Other Receptors
Role in Plasticity
Role in Disease
Synthesis
Pharmacology
In Metabolism
As a Neurotransmitter
Fast Excitatory Neurotransmitter
The Mechanisms of Cell Death Include
Glutamic Acid Implicated in Epileptic Seizures
In Brain Nonsynaptic Glutamatergic Signaling Circuits
GABA Precursor
Pharmacology
Response to GABA Basis of Pharmacological Properties
Molecular Determinants Involved In the Allosteric Control of Agonist
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Types of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors
The Form or Class of Muscarinic Receptors
Categorization Strategies for Muscarinic Receptors
M2 CHRM2
M3 CHRM3
Application of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors on Various Parts of the body
Application/Role of Acetylcholine in Brain
Acetylcholine and its Application as Postganglionic Neurons
Acetylcholine as Neurotransmitter and its Use in Autonomic Nervous System
Acetylcholine and its Role as Postganglionic Neurons in the Innervated tissue
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors and its Presence in Central Nervous System
Role in Regulation of Acetylcholine Release along the Presynaptic Membrane
Exhibit 33. GPCR Targeted Cardiovascular Drugs
Adenosine
Adenosine Receptor a Part of the Endogenous Adenosine Group
Histamine
Histamine H3receptor: Auto Receptors in Presynaptic Histaminergic Neurons
H3 Receptors in Central Nervous System
Pharmacology
H3 Receptors Agonists and Antagonists
Formation of H3-receptor Agonists
Varieties of H3-Receptor Antagonists
Antihistamines - H3-Receptor Antagonists
Antihistamine
H1 Antihistamine its Role in Eliminating Effects Mediated by Histamine
Antihistamine Pharmacology
Clinical Applications of Antihistamines
Indications
Adverse Drug Reactions Caused by Antihistamines
First-generation (Non-Selective and Classical) Antihistamines
Different Classes of H1-Antihistamines
Exhibit 34. GPCR Targeted Respiratory Drugs
Ethylenediamines
Diphenhydramin
Tricyclics and Tetracyclics
Second-Generation and Third-Generation (Selective and Non-Sedative)
Antihistamine Drugs
Role of Histamines in Neurophysiology
Applications of Histamines
Approved
Unapproved /Off-Label/Investigational Applications
Chlorpromazine
A Phenothiazine Antipsychotic in Treatment of Schizophrenia
Other Applications
Off-label and Controversial Applications
Chlorpromazine Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Central Effects
Peripheral Effects
Doxepin
Doxepin: a Psychotropic Agent
Doxepin Pharmacology
Promethazine
Cinnarizine
Olfactory (Smell Sensing) Receptors
Olfactory Epithelium
Olfactory Receptors
Olfactory Receptor Neuron
Function
Variety & Diversity
Exhibit 35. Other GPCR Targeted Drugs
Somatostatin Receptor
Digestive System
Brain
Functions
Substitutes for Somatostatin
cAMP Receptors (cAMP)
Synthesis of cAMP
Kinase Activation
Decomposition of Glycogen
Role of cAMP in Bacteria
cAMP Function in Slime Moulds
cAMP Regulation in Human Carcinoma
Role of cAMP in Prefrontal Cortex Disorders
Activating the Receptors
Preventing Skin Infections
Production of AMP
Estrogen Receptor Activation
Receptor Activation in Breast Cancer
Activation of Liver X Receptor
Viral Repression of Fungal Pheromone
Peptides or Proteins
Biogenic Amines
Lipids
Other
Ligand
Receptor Regulation
Desensitization of GPCR
GRK
GRK1
GRK2 and GRK3
GRK4
GRK5
GRK6
GRK7
Other kinases
PKA
PKC
c-Src
Arrestins
Second Messengers
GPCR Screening
Introduction
Effective GPCR Screening Using ERK
Cellular Assay
Assay Applications
Orphan GPCR Screening
Pathway
A New Messenger for the GQ Pathway
Technologies Used in GPCR Screening
Protein Coupled Receptors and High Throughput Screening
Cellular Expression of GPCRs
High Throughput Ligand Binding Assays
Measurement of GPCR Ligand Binding
High Throughput Functional Assays
In Reporter Gene Assays.
Second Messenger Assays to Measure GPCR Function
Protein Redistribution Assays
Other GPCR Screening Assays
Applications for GPCR Screening
The Gq Pathway
GPCRs Kinetics
Ligand Channeling and Receptor Mixing
High Throughput Screening for Development of Cellular Tools
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Assays
GPCR Screening Using Ion Channel Targets
High-Throughput Screening of G-Protein Coupled Receptors Using Technologies
Secondary Screening of GPCRs
G-Protein Coupled Receptor Motif Sequence Analysis
Application of G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) Considered a
Machine Learning Approach
Various Steps in GPCR Activation
GPCR Research
GPCR omics
GPCR Informatics
Computational Methods Considered Mandatory for Detecting Additional and
Potentially Novel Aminergic GPCRS
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Present Protein Classification Tools
Iterative Unbiased Profile Alignment of Sequences an Effective Method for
Multiple Sequence Alignments
Analysis of Correlated Mutations
Bayesian Neural Networks with Correlating Residuals for Motif Analysis
Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Minimizing Squared Error
Addition of Neural Network Models to the Bayesian Inference Framework
GPCR Assay Technologies
Receptor/Ligand Binding
Two Agonists Having Comparable Binding Affinity
Receptor/ Protein Ligand Binding
Assay Development and Data Analysis of Receptor-Ligand Binding
Radioligand Binding Assays
GTP Binding Assay for Gs-Protein Coupled Receptors
Second Messenger Assays
Protein Interaction Assay
Protein Interactions Categories
Stable Interactions
Transient Interactions
The Yeast Two-Hybrid System, The “Bait-Prey” Model
Protein: Nucleic Acid Interaction Analysis Techniques In vitro
Protein: Nucleic Acid Interactions
In vitro Techniques for Protein: Nucleic Acid Interaction Analysis
Protein Coupled Receptor Trafficking
Membrane Trafficking of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Opioid Receptors Oligomerization with β2 -Adrenergic Receptors
GPCR Signaling Promiscuity and Trafficking of Receptor Stimulus
Reporter Gene Assays
Common Reporter Genes
Transformation and Transfection Assays
Gene Expression Assays
Bioimpedance Assays
Applications of GPCR Assay Technologies
Receptor Ligand Binding Assays
Protein Interaction
Protein –Protein Interaction
Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)
Far-Western Analysis
Protein Arrays/Protein Chips
Pull-Down Assays
Phenomenon of Surface Resonance
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Technology
Mass Spectroscopy
X-ray Crystallography
Protein Nucleic Acid Interaction Analysis
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
Supershift Assay
Protein: DNA Cross-Linking Method
Bioimpedance Applications
Evaluation by Bioimpedance
Major Bioimpedance Applications
Application of Bioimpedance Technique to Peritoneal Dialysis
Monitoring the Neurological State of a Patient
Gs-Coupled GPCR Reporter Assay
Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer2 Assay Technology
4.3 GPCR – Drug Targets - Research Briefs
5. CORPORATE DIRECTORY
6. PATENTS INFORMATION

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