Feed Nucleotides

Published: Apr, 2015 | Pages: 978 | Publisher: RESEARCH IMPACT TECHNOLOGIES
Industry: Biotechnology | Report Format: Electronic (PDF)

This market insight report on Feed Nucleotides gives an insight into global Feed Nucleotides value and volume market. The report also provides market analytics by application, and by source. The market is divided by Application into Immune Stimulators, Dietary Supplements and Other; by Source into Yeast/Yeast Extracts, Single Celled Organisms and Other; and by Animal Categories into Swine, Poultry, Aquaculture and Other. The market is also divided by Type into IMP (Inosine Monophosphate), GMP (Guanosine Monophosphate) and Other (AMP+CMP+UMP). The study also provides global market analysis for Feed Additives and Nucleotides, both in value and volume terms. Compilation of Worldwide Patents and Research related to Feed Nucleotides is also provided. Projections and estimates are also illustrated by geographic regions encompassing the North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World with 148 exclusive graphically represented exhibits.

 Table of Content

1. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY	1
2. REPORT SYNOPSIS	3
2.1 Feed Additives – Introduction	3
Antibiotics as Feed Additives	3
Feed Additives for Pigs and Poultry	3
Hormones as Feed Additives	3
Yeast as Feed Additives	4
2.2 Global Feed Additives Market Global Market Analysis	4
Value Market Analysis	4
Exhibit 1. Feed Additives – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in US$ Billion	5
Volume Market Analysis	6
Exhibit 2. Feed Additive – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Thousands of Metric Tons	6
2.3 Global Nucleotides Market Nucleotides – An Overview	7
Nucleotides as Food Additives	7
Nucleotides as Feed Additives	7
Nucleotides as Drug Intermediates	7
Exhibit 3. Nucleotides (Incl. Food, Feed & Other) - Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in US$ Million	8
Volume Market Analysis	9
Exhibit 4. Nucleotides (Incl. Food, Feed & Other) – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	9
2.4 Global Feed Nucleotides Market	10
Salient Features	10
Basic Structure of Nucleotide	12
Feed Nucleotides Concentration in the Diet	12
Functions of Nucleotides	12
Exhibit 5. Segmentation of Global Feed Nucleotides Market by Source and Application	12
By Source	13
Yeast/Yeast Extracts	13
Single Cell Organisms	13
Other Sources	14
Fish Meal	14
Legumes	14
Fish Solubles	14
By Application	14
Immune Enhancers	14
Dietary Supplements	14
Other Applications	14
Attractants	14
Nucleotides Influence in the Development of GI tract	15
2.5 Feed Nucleotides - Market Analysis	15
Value Market Analysis	15
Exhibit 6. Feed Nucleotides – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in US$ Thousands	16
Volume Market Analysis	17
Exhibit 7. Feed Nucleotides – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	17
Exhibit 8. List of Major Global Feed Nucleotides Companies	18
3. MARKET DYNAMICS	19
3.1 Global Feed Additives Market	19
Value Market Analysis	19
Exhibit 9. Feed Additives – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in US$ Billion	19
Exhibit 10. Feed Additives– Global Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World	20
Volume Market Analysis	21
Exhibit 11. Feed Additive – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Thousands of Metric Tons for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World	21
Exhibit 12. Feed Additives– Global Volume Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World	22
3.2 Global Nucleotides Market	23
3.2.1 Market Analysis	23
Value Market Analysis	23
Exhibit 13. Nucleotides Application – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Thousands of US$ for Food, Feed and Other	23
Exhibit 14. Nucleotides Applications– Global Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Food, Feed and Other Application	24
Volume Market Analysis	25
Exhibit 15. Nucleotides Application– Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons for Food, Feed and Other	25
Exhibit 16. Nucleotides Applications– Global Volume Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Food, Feed and Other Application	26
3.2.2 Demand Analysis	27
Exhibit 17. Nucleotides– Global Demand Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	27
3.3 Feed Nucleotides	28
3.3.1 Global Feed Nucleotides Market	28
Value Market Analysis	28
Exhibit 18. Feed Nucleotides – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in Thousands of US$	29
Exhibit 19. Feed Nucleotides– Global Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	30
Volume Market Analysis	31
Exhibit 20. Feed Nucleotides – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Metric Tons	31
Exhibit 21. Feed Nucleotides– Global Volume Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	32
Analysis by Animal Categories	33
Value Market Analysis	33
Exhibit 22. Feed Nucleotides Consumption – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) by Swine, Poultry, Aquaculture and Other in Thousands of US$	33
Exhibit 23. Feed Nucleotides– Global Value Market Shares by Consumption (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Swine, Poultry, Aquaculture and Other	34
Volume Market Analysis	35
Exhibit 24. Feed Nucleotides Consumption – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2015) by Swine, Poultry, Aquaculture and Other in Metric Tons	35
Exhibit 25. Feed Nucleotides– Global Volume Market Shares by Consumption (2009 & 2015) for Swine, Poultry, Aquaculture and Other	36
3.3.2 North American Feed Nucleotides Market	37
Value Market Analysis	37
Exhibit 26. Feed Nucleotides –North American Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for United States and Canada in Thousands of US$	37
Exhibit 27. Feed Nucleotides –North American Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for United States and Canada	38
3.3.2 (I) United States Feed Nucleotides Market	38
3.3.2 (II) Canadian Feed Nucleotides Market	38
Volume Market Analysis	39
Exhibit 28. Feed Nucleotides – North American Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	39
Exhibit 29. List of Major North American Feed Nucleotides Companies	39
3.3.3 European Feed Nucleotides Market	40
Value Market Analysis	40
Exhibit 30. Feed Nucleotides –European Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe in Thousands of US$	40
Exhibit 31. Feed Nucleotides–European Value Market Shares by Country (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe	41
3.3.3 (I) German Feed Nucleotides Market	41
3.3.3 (II) French Feed Nucleotides Market	41
3.3.3. (III) UK Feed Nucleotides Market	41
3.3.3. (IV) Swiss Feed Nucleotides Market	41
3.3.3 (V) Italian Feed Nucleotides Market	41
3.3.3 (VI) Russian Feed Nucleotides Market	41
Volume Market Analysis	42
Exhibit 32. Feed Nucleotides –European Volume Market Estimations & Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	42
Exhibit 33. List of Major European Feed Nucleotides Companies	42
3.3.4 Asia-Pacific Feed Nucleotides Market	43
Value Market Analysis	43
Exhibit 34. Feed Nucleotides –Asia-Pacific Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific in Thousands of US$	44
Exhibit 35. Feed Nucleotides–Asia-Pacific Value Market Shares by Country (2010, 2015 & 2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific	45
3.3.4 (I) Chinese Feed Nucleotides Market	45
3.3.4 (II) Australian Feed Nucleotides Market	45
3.3.4 (III) Japanese Feed Nucleotides Market	45
3.3.4 (IV) South Korean Feed Nucleotides Market	45
3.3.4 (V) Indian Feed Nucleotides Market	45
Volume Market Analysis	46
Exhibit 36. Feed Nucleotides –Asia-Pacific Volume Market Estimations & Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	46
Exhibit 37. List of Major Asia-Pacific Feed Nucleotides Companies	46
3.3.5 Rest of World Feed Nucleotides Market	47
Value Market Analysis	47
Exhibit 38. Feed Nucleotides – Rest of World Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Brazil, Israel, South Africa and Other Countries in Thousands of US$	47
Exhibit 39. Feed Nucleotides–Rest of World Value Market Shares by Country (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries	48
3.3.5 (I) Brazilian Feed Nucleotides Market	48
3.3.5 (II) Israeli Feed Nucleotides Market	48
3.3.5 (II) South African Feed Nucleotides Market	48
Volume Market Analysis	49
Exhibit 40. Feed Nucleotides –Rest of World Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	49
Exhibit 41. List of Major Rest of World Feed Nucleotides Companies	49
3.4 Competitor Companies in Feed Nucleotides Market	50
Alltech, Inc. (USA)	50
Angel Yeast Co., Ltd. (China)	50
Aplicaciones Biológicas a la Nutrición S.L. (Spain)	51
Bioiberica SA (Spain)	52
Biorigin (Brazil)	53
Bluewave Management, Inc. (Peru)	54
CBH Qingdao Co., Ltd. (China)	55
Chemoforma Ltd. (Switzerland)	56
CJ CheilJedang Corporation (South Korea)	57
DSM Nutritional Products (The Netherlands)	59
EQUIBOL AG (Switzerland)	61
Jaysons Agritech Pvt., Ltd. (India)	62
Lallemand, Inc. (Canada)	63
Nanjing BioTogether Co., Ltd. (China)	64
NuEra Nutrition (Australia)	65
Ohly GmbH (Germany)	66
Specialty Biotech Co., Ltd. (Thailand)	68
3.5 Major Activities in Feed Nucleotides Market	69
Impromune®- Bioibérica’s Animal Immunity Boosting Product	69
Canadian Government Launches Animal Feed Supplements	69
Dr Eckel Introduces New Prebiotic Supplementary Feed AntaFerm HC	70
Bluewave Marine Ingredients Appoints EFEV China as Authorized Distributor for the PerfectDigest™ Product Line	70
Skretting Introduces Transfer-Feed Concept for Faster Growth of Fishes	70
Cargill Commences a Partial Fish Meal Substitute, Hoplite	70
Biorigin Launches Selemax and Biotide with Enriched Nucleotides	71
Cargill’s Hoplite™, an Innovative Aqua Feed Additive	71
Prosol’s Nucleotide-based Products for Aqua Industry	71
Alltech’s New Spray Drier for Yeast Facility	71
3.6 Competitor Companies in Feed Additives Market	72
Adisseo France SAS (France)	72
Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (Japan)	75
Archer Daniels Midland Company (USA)	76
BASF SE (Germany)	77
Biovet JSC (Bulgaria)	79
Cargill, Inc. (USA)	80
Chr. Hansen A/S (Denmark)	82
Danisco A/S (Denmark)	84
Elanco (USA)	87
Evonik Degussa GmbH (Germany)	88
Kemin Industries, Inc. (USA)	90
Leiber GmbH (Germany)	92
Lesaffre Group (France)	94
Lonza Ltd. (Switzerland)	95
Novus International (USA)	97
Nutreco Holding NV (The Netherlands)	98
Phibro Animal Health Corporation (USA)	99
Provimi Holding bv (The Netherlands)	100
Selko Feed Additives (The Netherlands)	102
Zoetis (USA)	105
3.7 Major Activities in Feed Additives Market	107
Evonik Inaugurates New Singapore based Analytical Center for Animal Feed	107
DSM Buys Bayer’s Animal Health Premix Business based in Philippines	107
Nutreco Acquires Gisis, the Shrimp and Fish Feed Subsidiary Company of Expalsa	108
BASF and Direvo Co-Develop Enzymes for Animal Nutrition	108
DSM Acquires Tortuga	108
ADM Alliance Nutrition Takes Over Liquid Feed Commodities	109
Cargill Acquires Provimi to Develop International Animal Nutrition Business	109
Kiotech International Adopts New Corporate Identity – ‘Anpario’	109
Nutreco Acquires Fish and Shrimp Feed Company in China	109
Prince Agri Products Acquires the Intellectual Property of ‘Animate’ from Granco Minerals	110
Adisseo and Sobegi Jointly Invests for the Development of a Re-melting Plant	110
Canadian Bio-Systems Acquires Oshawa Specialty Products	111
DSM Acquires Fatrom Furajeri Additivi	111
DSM Launches RONOZYME® HiPhos – a Nex-Gen Feed Phosphate Additive in Poultry and Pigs	111
US Organic Certification Awarded to Canadian Bio-Systems for ‘Omegazyme’	112
Feed Premix Plant of ADM Alliance Nutrition Established in China	113
Novus International and Verenium Signs Agreement for Animal Nutrition Enzyme Development and Commercialization	113
ADM Alliance Nutrition Completes the Acquisition of Cattleman’s Choice Loomix	114
Trouw Turkey Introduces New Additives	114
Kiotechagil Introduces Novel Range of Enzymes	114
Fufeng Initiates the Production of Feed-use Threonine	115
ADM Upgrades Citristim Facility	115
Alpharma Introduces New Bovatec® Delivery System for Pasture Cattle	116
European Union Recognizes the Usage of DSM’s RONOZYME® NP in Sow Feed	116
Bactocell Wins Approval for Piglet Diet	116
FDA Attempts Voluntary Restrictions on Antibiotics	117
Optivite Announces the Launch of Two New Products	117
Mite control	118
European Prices Increased for Methylamines by BASF	118
Provimi Announces the Launch of New Acidifier for Piglets	118
Antibiotics Mixed with Animal Feed in China	119
Antibiotic Waste	119
ACTISAF Sc 47 used in Rearing Calves	119
Orffa Produces Feed Additives for Animals	120
Treatment of Diarrhoea in Calf using Antilaxan	120
Mipro Pren 400 Protects Cows against Milk Fever and Ketosis	120
Kiotechagil Introduces Neutox, a Novel Integrated Mycotoxin Control System	120
Meriden Launches Orego-Stim Range of Feed Additive for Swine in Brazil	121
VevoVitall Application Approved for Pig Feed in the Netherlands	121
SCC to Expand Feed Additives Market in Aquaculture Sector	122
BASF Hikes Beta-Carotene and Derivatives Prices	122
Adisseo Employs €100 Million in Feed Additive Plants	122
Aova Collaborates with Europharma for Supplying Big Fish Feed Additive	123
Pro GIT SF3, a Novel and Effective Feed Additives for Poultry	123
EFEV China Designated the Authorized Distributor of Bluewave Marine Ingredients for PerfectDigestTM Product Line	123
Feed Additive of Novus Approved for all Species in EU	124
Novus International Buys Stake in IQF Group	124
Aova Technologies to Extend Presence in Chinese Feed Additive Market	124
EW Nutrition Launches Novel Phytogenic Feed Additives	125
Selko Advances the Organic Acids Units	125
KMG Chemicals Enters into a Partnership Agreement with R&D Life for Supplying Range of Feed Additives in America	125
INVE Launches New Aquaculture Feed Additives Division	126
Nor-Feed A/S and Chr. Hansen A/S Collaborates to Develop Feed Additives	126
King Pharmaceuticals Successfully Achieves Acquisition of Alpharma	126
3.8 Analysis by Source	128
Yeast/Yeast Extracts	128
Value Market Analysis	128
Exhibit 42. Feed Nucleotide Sources – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) from Yeast/Yeast Extracts, Single Celled Organisms and Other in Thousands of US$	129
Exhibit 43. Feed Nucleotide Sources – Global Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Yeast/Yeast Extracts, Single Celled Organisms and Other Sources	130
Volume Market Analysis	131
Exhibit 44. Feed Nucleotide Sources – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) from Yeast/Yeast Extracts, Single Celled Organisms and Other in Metric Tons	131
Exhibit 45. Feed Nucleotide Sources – Global Volume Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Yeast/Yeast Extracts, Single Celled Organisms and Other Sources	132
3.8.1 Yeast/Yeast Extracts	133
3.8.1.1 Global Market for Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts	133
Value Market Analysis	133
Exhibit 46. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Thousands of US$	134
Exhibit 47. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts –Global Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	135
Volume Market Analysis	136
Exhibit 48. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Metric Tons	136
Exhibit 49. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts – Global Volume Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	137
3.8.1.2 North American Market for Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts	138
Value Market Analysis	138
Exhibit 50. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts –North American Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for United States and Canada in Thousands of US$	138
Exhibit 51. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts –North American Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for United States and Canada	139
3.8.1.2 (I) United States Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	139
3.8.1.2 (II) Canadian Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	139
Volume Market Analysis	140
Exhibit 52. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts –North American Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	140
3.8.1.3 European Market for Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts	141
Value Market Analysis	141
Exhibit 53. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts – European Value Market Estimations & Predictions (2005-2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe in Thousands of US$	141
Exhibit 54. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts –European Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe	142
3.8.1.3 (I) German Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	142
3.8.1.3 (II) French Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	142
3.8.1.3. (III) UK Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	142
3.8.1.3. (IV) Swiss Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	142
3.8.1.3 (V) Italian Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	143
3.8.1.3 (VI) Russian Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	143
Volume Market Analysis	144
Exhibit 55. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts – European Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	144
3.8.1.4 Asia-Pacific Market for Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts	145
Value Market Analysis	145
Exhibit 56. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts – Asia-Pacific Value Market Estimations & Predictions (2005-2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific in Thousands of US$	145
Exhibit 57. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts –Asia-Pacific Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific	146
3.8.1.4 (I) Chinese Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	146
3.8.1.4 (II) Australian Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	146
3.8.1.4 (III) Japanese Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	146
3.8.1.4 (IV) South Korean Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	146
3.8.1.4 (V) Indian Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	146
Volume Market Analysis	147
Exhibit 58. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts –Asia-Pacific Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	147
3.8.1.5 Rest of World Market for Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts	148
Value Market Analysis	148
Exhibit 59. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts – Rest of World Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries in Thousands of US$	148
Exhibit 60. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts –Rest of World Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries	149
3.8.1.5 (I) Brazilian Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	149
3.8.1.5 (II) Israeli Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	149
3.8.1.5 (II) South African Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts Market	149
Volume Market Analysis	150
Exhibit 61. Feed Nucleotides from Yeast/Yeast Extracts – Rest of World Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	150
3.8.2 Single Celled Organisms	151
3.8.2.1 Global Market for Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms	151
Value Market Analysis	151
Exhibit 62. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms– Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Thousands of US$	151
Exhibit 63. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms–Global Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	152
Volume Market Analysis	152
Exhibit 64. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms– Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Metric Tons	153
Exhibit 65. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms–Global Volume Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	154
3.8.2.2 North American Market for Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms	154
Value Market Analysis	154
Exhibit 66. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms –North American Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for United States and Canada in Thousands of US$	155
Exhibit 67. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms –North American Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for United States and Canada	156
3.8.2.2 (I) United States Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	156
3.8.2.2 (II) Canadian Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	156
Volume Market Analysis	157
Exhibit 68. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms–North American Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	157
3.8.2.3 European Market for Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms	158
Value Market Analysis	158
Exhibit 69. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms – European Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe in Thousands of US$	158
Exhibit 70. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms –European Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe	159
3.8.2.3 (I) German Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	159
3.8.2.3 (II) French Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	159
3.8.2.3. (III) UK Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	159
3.8.2.3. (IV) Swiss Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	159
3.8.2.3 (V) Italian Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	160
3.8.2.3 (VI) Russian Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	160
Volume Market Analysis	161
Exhibit 71. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms – European Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	161
3.8.2.4 Asia-Pacific Market for Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms	162
Value Market Analysis	162
Exhibit 72. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms – Asia-Pacific Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia Pacific in Thousands of US$	162
Exhibit 73. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms –Asia-Pacific Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific	163
3.8.2.4 (I) Chinese Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	163
3.8.2.4 (II) Australian Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	163
3.8.2.4 (III) Japanese Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	163
3.8.2.4 (IV) South Korean Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	163
3.8.2.4 (V) Indian Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	163
Volume Market Analysis	164
Exhibit 74. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms – Asia-Pacific Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	164
3.8.2.5 Rest of World Market for Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms	165
Value Market Analysis	165
Exhibit 75. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms – Rest of World Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries in Thousands of US$	165
Exhibit 76. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms –Rest of World Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries	166
3.8.2.5 (I) Brazilian Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	166
3.8.2.5 (II) Israeli Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	166
3.8.2.5 (II) South African Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms Market	166
Volume Market Analysis	167
Exhibit 77. Feed Nucleotides from Single Celled Organisms – Rest of World Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	167
3.8.3 Other Sources	168
3.8.3.1 Global Market for Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources	168
Value Market Analysis	168
Exhibit 78. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources– Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Thousands of US$	168
Exhibit 79. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources–Global Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	169
Volume Market Analysis	169
Exhibit 80. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources– Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Metric Tons	170
Exhibit 81. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources – Global Volume Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	171
3.8.3.2 North American Market for Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources	171
Value Market Analysis	171
Exhibit 82. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources –North American Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Thousands of US$ for United States and Canada	172
Exhibit 83. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources –North American Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for United States and Canada	173
Volume Market Analysis	174
Exhibit 84. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources –North American Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	174
3.8.3.3 European Market for Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources	175
Value Market Analysis	175
Exhibit 85. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources– European Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe in Thousands of US$	175
Exhibit 86. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources –European Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe	176
Volume Market Analysis	177
Exhibit 87. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources –European Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	177
3.8.3.4 Asia-Pacific Market for Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources	178
Value Market Analysis	178
Exhibit 88. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources– Asia-Pacific Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific in Thousands of US$	178
Exhibit 89. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources –Asia-Pacific Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific	179
Volume Market Analysis	180
Exhibit 90. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources –Asia-Pacific Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	180
3.8.3.5 Rest of World Market for Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources	181
Value Market Analysis	181
Exhibit 91. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources– Rest of World Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries in Thousands of US$	181
Exhibit 92. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources –Rest of World Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries	182
Volume Market Analysis	183
Exhibit 93. Feed Nucleotides from Other Sources – Rest of World Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	183
3.9 Analysis by Application	184
Value Market Analysis	184
Exhibit 94. Feed Nucleotide Applications – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in as Immune Stimulators, Dietary Supplements and Other Thousands of US$	184
Exhibit 95. Feed Nucleotides Applications – Global Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Immune Stimulators, Dietary Supplements and Other Applications	185
Volume Market Analysis	186
Exhibit 96. Feed Nucleotide Applications – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) as Immune Stimulators, Dietary Supplements and Other in Metric Tons	186
Exhibit 97. Feed Nucleotides Applications – Global Volume Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Immune Stimulators, Dietary Supplements and Other Applications	187
3.9.1 Immune Stimulators	187
3.9.1.1 Global Market for Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators	187
Exhibit 98. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Thousands of US$	188
Exhibit 99. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators–Global Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	189
Volume Market Analysis	190
Exhibit 100. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators– Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Metric Tons	190
Exhibit 101. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators–Global Volume Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	191
3.9.1.2 North American Market for Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators	192
Value Market Analysis	192
Exhibit 102. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators –North American Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for United States and Canada in Thousands of US$	192
Exhibit 103. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators –North American Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for United States and Canada	193
3.9.1.2 (I) United States Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	193
3.9.1.2 (II) Canadian Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	193
Volume Market Analysis	194
Exhibit 104. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators–North American Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	194
3.9.1.3 European Market for Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators	195
Exhibit 105. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators – European Value Market Estimations & Predictions (2005-2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe in Thousands of US$	195
Exhibit 106. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators –European Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe	196
3.9.1.3 (I) German Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	196
3.9.1.3 (II) French Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	196
3.9.1.3. (III) UK Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	196
3.9.1.3. (IV) Swiss Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	196
3.9.1.3 (V) Italian Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	197
3.9.1.3 (VI) Russian Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	197
Volume Market Analysis	198
Exhibit 107. Feed Nucleotides from Immune Stimulators – European Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	198
3.9.1.4 Asia-Pacific Market for Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators	199
Value Market Analysis	199
Exhibit 108. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators – Asia-Pacific Value Market Estimations & Predictions (2005-2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific in Thousands of US$	199
Exhibit 109. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators –Asia-Pacific Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific	200
3.9.1.4 (I) Chinese Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	200
3.9.1.4 (II) Australian Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	200
3.9.1.4 (III) Japanese Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	200
3.9.1.4 (IV) South Korean Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	200
3.9.1.4 (V) Indian Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators Market	200
Volume Market Analysis	201
Exhibit 110. Feed Nucleotides from Immune Stimulators – Asia-Pacific Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	201
3.9.1.5 Rest of World Market for Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators	202
Exhibit 111. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators – Rest of World Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries in Thousands of US$	202
Exhibit 112. Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators –Rest of World Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries	203
3.9.1.5 (I) Brazilian Feed Nucleotides Market	203
3.9.1.5 (II) Israeli Feed Nucleotides Market	203
3.9.1.5 (II) South African Feed Nucleotides Market	203
Volume Market Analysis	204
Exhibit 113. Feed Nucleotides from Immune Stimulators – Rest of World Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	204
3.9.2 Dietary Supplements	205
3.9.2.1 Global Market for Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements	205
Value Market Analysis	205
Exhibit 114. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements– Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Thousands of US$	206
Exhibit 115. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements–Global Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	207
Volume Market Analysis	207
Exhibit 116. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements– Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Metric Tons	208
Exhibit 117. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements–Global Volume Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	209
3.9.2.2 North American Market for Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements	209
Value Market Analysis	209
Exhibit 118. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements –North American Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for United States and Canada in Thousands of US$	210
Exhibit 119. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements –North American Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) in Thousands of US$ for United States and Canada	211
3.9.2.2 (I) United States Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	211
3.9.2.2 (II) Canadian Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	211
Volume Market Analysis	212
Exhibit 120. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements–North American Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	212
3.9.2.3 European Market for Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements	213
Value Market Analysis	213
Exhibit 121. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements– European Value Market Estimations & Predictions (2005-2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe in Thousands of US$	213
Exhibit 122. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements –European Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe	214
3.9.2.3 (I) German Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	214
3.9.2.3 (II) French Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	214
3.9.2.3. (III) UK Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	214
3.9.2.3. (IV) Swiss Feed Nucleotides Market	214
3.9.2.3 (V) Italian Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	214
3.9.2.3 (VI) Russian Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	214
Volume Market Analysis	215
Exhibit 123. Feed Nucleotides from Dietary Supplements – European Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	215
3.9.2.4 Asia-Pacific Market for Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements	216
Exhibit 124. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements– Asia-Pacific Value Market Estimations & Predictions (2005-2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific in Thousands of US$	216
Exhibit 125. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements –Asia-Pacific Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific	217
3.9.2.4 (I) Chinese Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	217
3.9.2.4 (II) Australian Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	217
3.9.2.4 (III) Japanese Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	217
3.9.2.4 (IV) South Korean Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	217
3.9.2.4 (V) Indian Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements Market	217
Volume Market Analysis	218
Exhibit 126. Feed Nucleotides from Dietary Supplements – European Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	218
3.9.2.5 Rest of World Market for Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements	219
Value Market Analysis	219
Exhibit 127. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements– Rest of World Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries in Thousands of US$	219
Exhibit 128. Feed Nucleotides as Dietary Supplements –Rest of World Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries	220
3.9.2.5 (I) Brazilian Feed Nucleotides Market	220
3.9.2.5 (II) Israeli Feed Nucleotides Market	220
3.9.2.5 (II) South African Feed Nucleotides Market	220
Volume Market Analysis	221
Exhibit 129. Feed Nucleotides from Dietary Supplements – Rest of World Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	221
3.9.3 Other Applications	222
3.9.3.1 Global Market for Feed Nucleotides in Other Applications	222
Value Market Analysis	222
Exhibit 130. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Thousands of US$	223
Exhibit 131. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications–Global Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	224
Volume Market Analysis	225
Exhibit 132. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World in Metric Tons	225
Exhibit 133. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications–Global Volume Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World	226
3.9.3.2 North American Market for Feed Nucleotides in Other Applications	226
Value Market Analysis	226
Exhibit 134. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications –North American Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for United States and Canada in Thousands of US$	227
Exhibit 135. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications –North American Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for United States and Canada	228
Volume Market Analysis	229
Exhibit 136. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications–North American Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	229
3.9.3.3 European Market for Feed Nucleotides in Other Applications	230
Value Market Analysis	230
Exhibit 137. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications – European Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe in Thousands of US$	230
Exhibit 138. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications –European Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Germany, France, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Russia and Rest of Europe	231
Volume Market Analysis	232
Exhibit 139. Feed Nucleotides from Other Applications – European Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	232
3.9.3.4 Asia-Pacific Market for Feed Nucleotides in Other Applications	233
Exhibit 140. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications – Asia-Pacific Value Market Estimations & Predictions (2005-2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific in Thousands of US$	233
Exhibit 141. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications –Asia-Pacific Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for China, Australia, Japan, South Korea, India and Rest of Asia-Pacific	234
Volume Market Analysis	235
Exhibit 142. Feed Nucleotides from Other Applications – Asia-Pacific Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	235
3.9.3.5 Rest of World Market for Feed Nucleotides in Other Applications	236
Value Market Analysis	236
Exhibit 143. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications – Rest of World Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries in Thousands of US$	236
Exhibit 144. Feed Nucleotides for Other Applications –Rest of World Value Market Shares by Region (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Brazil, South Africa and Other Countries	237
Volume Market Analysis	238
Exhibit 145. Feed Nucleotides from Other Applications – Rest of World Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons	238
3.10 Analysis by Type	239
Value Market Analysis	239
Exhibit 146. Feed Nucleotides Types – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) for IMP, GMP and Other (AMP+CMP+UMP) in Thousands of US$	240
Exhibit 147. Feed Nucleotides Types – Global Value Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for IMP, GMP and Other (AMP+CMP+UMP)	241
Volume Market Analysis	242
Exhibit 148. Feed Nucleotides Types – Global Volume Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in Metric Tons for IMP, GMP and Other (AMP+CMP+UMP)	242
Exhibit 149. Feed Nucleotides Types – Global Volume Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for IMP, GMP and Other (AMP+CMP+UMP)	243
3.11 Feed Nucleotides – Market Outlook	244
4. PRODUCT/TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH	249
Introduction	249
Food Additives	249
Acids	249
Regulators of Acidity	249
Anticaking Substances	249
Antifoaming Agents	249
Antioxidants	249
Bulking Agents	249
Food Coloring	250
Color Retention Agents	250
Emulsifiers	250
Flavors	250
Flavor Enhancers	250
Flour Treating Agents	250
Glazing Agents	250
Humectants	250
Tracer Gas	250
Preservatives	250
Stabilizers	251
Sweeteners	251
Thickeners	251
Feed Additives	251
Antibiotics as Feed Additives	252
Restriction of Antibodies in Feed	253
Regulations Governing the Use of Antibiotics as Animal Feed in European Union	253
Legislation on Antibiotics as Feed Additives in Sweden	254
Effect of Feed Antibiotics withdrawal in Britain	254
Antioxidants as Feed Additives	254
Calcium Formate as Feed Additive	255
Enzymes as Feed Additives	255
Hormones as Feed Additives	256
Immunomodulators and Immunostimulants as Feed Additives	257
Probiotics as Feed Additives	259
Merits of Feed Additives	261
Benefits to the Environment	261
Welfare Provided by the Use of Feed Additives	262
Demerits of Feed Additives	262
Types of Feed Additives	262
Technological Additives	262
Sensory Additives	263
Nutritional Additives	263
Zootechnical Additives	263
Coccidiostats and Histomonostats	263
Regulatory Approval of Feed Additives - Process	263
Nucleotides - Overview	264
Nucleic Acids	264
Nucleosides	265
Biochemistry of Nucleotides	265
Nucleotides as Feed Additive	265
Exhibit 150. List of Brands Containing Feed Nucleotides Consumed by Animals	266
When Extra Nucleotides are Required	267
Nucleotides – Enhance Intestinal development	267
Nucleotides – Improve Immunity function	268
Importance of Nucleotides	268
Main Functions of Nucleotides	268
Quantity and Requirement of Nucleotides	271
ADM (Absorption, Digestion and Metabolism) of Nucleotides	271
Nucleotides - Detoxification Properties	272
Components of Nucleotides	273
Sugar	273
Ribose	273
Deoxyribose	273
Phosphate Group	274
Nitrogen Bases	274
Purines	274
Adenine	275
Guanine	275
Pyrimidines:	275
Thymine	276
Uracil	276
Cytosine	276
Differences between RNA Nucleotide and DNA Nucleotide	277
Nucleotides Nomenclature	277
Types of Nucleotides	277
AMP	277
GMP	278
UMP	279
CMP	279
Metabolism	280
IMP	280
Synthesis of Nucleotides	280
Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides	281
Regulation of Purine Nucleotide Synthesis	282
Catabolism and Salvage Pathways of Purine Nucleotides	282
Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotide	282
Pyrimidine Biosynthesis differs from Purine Biosynthesis in the Following Ways	283
Synthesis of Thymine Nucleotides	283
Regulation of Pyrimidine Biosynthesis	283
Catabolism and Salvage of Pyrimidine Nucleotides	284
Regulation of dNTP Formation	285
Interconversion of the Nucleotides	285
Level of Nucleotides that need to be Incorporated in the Diet	286
Sources of Nucleotides	286
Dietary Sources of Nucleotides	286
Exhibit 151. Nucleotide concentration (in mg/g) in some commonly used feed ingredients	287
Yeast and Yeast Extract	287
Single Celled Organism	287
Microalgae	287
Spirulina	288
Chlorella	288
Extraction of CGF from Chlorella	289
Other Sources	289
Fish Meal	289
Legumes	289
Black eyed peas	290
Fish Solubles	290
Feed Nucleotides Application	290
Feed Nucleotides Effect on Improving Immune Response	291
Feed Nucleotides as Immune Stimulators	291
Swine	292
Poultry	293
Fish	293
Shrimp	294
Benefits that may be obtained from Nucleotides in Aquaculture	295
Horses	295
Cats	296
Nucleotides as Dietary Supplement	296
As Semi-Essential Substances	297
For Lipid Metabolism	297
In the Reduction of Physiological Stress	298
Causes and Minimization of Stress in Birds	298
In Reproduction and Larval Rearing	300
Other Feed Nucleotides Application	300
Nucleotides Behaving as Attractants	300
The Triggers of Bait	301
Effect of Nucleotides on the Development of Young Animals	301
Nucleotides Influence in the Development of GI tract	302
Performance and Effect of Feed Nucleotides	302
Swine	302
Role of Nucleotides in Swine Nutrition	303
Poultry	305
Aquaculture	305
Future Prospects for the use of Nucleotides in Aquaculture	306
Feed Wastage Minimization	306
Swine	306
Poultry	307
Minimization of Physical Wastage in the System	307
Check Regular Flock Feed Consumption	308
Frequency of Feed Lines Needs to be Organized	308
Premium Quality Feed Supply	308
Maintain Temperature	308
During Remodeling and in the Period of Construction the Insulation in Generally Increased	308
Observe Body Weight Periodically	308
Assessing Strains of Hen	308
Other Animals (Rabbit)	308
Nutrition	309
Healthy Diet	310
Nutrients	310
Swine Nutrition	311
Energy	311
Wheat	311
Barley	312
Oats	312
Fats	312
Proteins and Amino acids	312
Minerals	312
Salt	313
Water	313
Steps to ensure Diet Quality	313
Feed Additives	313
Recommended Levels of Feed Additives	314
Feeding food waste to swine	314
Fish Nutrition	314
Nutritional Structure of Fish Diets	315
Different kinds of Feeds	315
Poultry nutrition	316
Water	316
Proteins	317
Carbohydrates	317
Fats	317
Minerals	317
Vitamins	318
Feed Additives	318
Dairy Nutrition	319
Carbohydrates	320
Fat	320
Protein	321
Vitamins	323
Vitamin B	323
Vitamin C	323
Vitamin A	323
Vitamin D	323
Vitamin E	323
Vitamin K	324
Minerals	324
Water	325
Lamb Nutrition	325
4.7 Feed Nucleotides - Research Briefs	327
Pure Nucleotides and its effects	327
A high level of inosine 5’-monophosphate to improve growth and health of nursery pigs	327
Dietary yeast nucleotide additive and its effect on total and diurnal variation of small intestine enzyme activities in piglets	328
Effect of dietary nucleotide additives on growth, body composition and fatty acid profile of Beluga sturgeon juveniles (Huso huso)	328
In Vitro Studies Showing Effect of Nucleotides on Intestinal Bacteria	329
Diet Supplemented with Nucleotides from Yeast Reduces Diarrhoea in Post Weaning Pigs	329
Evaluation of Broiler Performance using a Comparative Study of Effects of Different Yeast Products	330
Role of Dietary Nucleotides in Minimizing DNA Damage Caused by T-2 Toxin and Deoxynivalenol in Cases of Chicken Leukocytes	331
Study of Carry-over Effects of Dietary Yeast RNA used as a Source of Nucleotides on Lymphoid Organs and Immune Responses in Leghorn-type Chickens	332
Beneficial Effect of Glutamine and Nucleotides in Enhancing Parameters like Growth, Immune Responses and FMD Antibody Titres in Weaned Pigs	332
Lack of Dietary Nucleotides Affects Liver Nucleotide Metabolism:	333
Nucleotides in Intestinal Gene Transcription:	333
V. CORPORATE DIRECTORY	334
VI. PATENTS INFORMATION	344