Caustic Soda Market Analysis By Application (Alumina, Inorganic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals, Food, Pulp & Paper, Soaps & Detergents, Textiles, Water Treatment, Steel/Metallurgy - Sintering) And Segment Forecast To 2024

Published: Aug, 2016 | Pages: 94 | Publisher: Grand View Research
Industry: Chemicals | Report Format: Electronic (PDF)

The global caustic soda market is expected to reach USD 46.31 billion by 2024, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. Escalating demand across various industries such as textile, pulp & paper, organic chemicals, etc. is expected to strengthen the market growth. Rising demand for alumina in automobile industry especially in Asia Pacific is considered to stimulate the market growth.

Fluctuating prices due to high energy consumption and uneven production rates is likely to limit the market growth. Chlorine production is also expected to influence the caustic soda market as it is co-produced with chlorine.

Organic chemicals emerged as the leading application segment and accounted for 16.3% of total market volume in 2015. Owing to incessant demand for manmade fibers, the textile industry is expected to emerge as the fastest growing application segment at an estimated CAGR of 4.4% from 2016 to 2024. Textiles are expected to emerge as the leading application surpassing organic chemicals over the forecast period.

Further key findings from the report suggest:

Global caustic soda market demand was 74.57 million tons in 2015 and is expected to reach 99.30 million tons by 2024, growing at a CAGR of 3.2% from 2016 to 2024

Asia Pacific dominated the global market with demand share exceeding 55% in 2015. Burgeoning textile as well as pulp & paper industry particularly in China and India is likely to drive the regional market.

Asia Pacific is also expected to witness the highest growth of 3.5% over the forecast period. China is the largest producer as well as consumer of caustic soda, and the market growth can be attributed to high demand from textile and pulp & paper industry within the nation.

North America and European caustic soda markets are expected to witness moderate growth on account of market maturity levels. European demand for caustic soda is expected to grow at an estimated CAGR of 2.8% from 2016 to 2024.

Key players in operating in the global market are anticipated to focus on mergers & acquisitions to expand their market presence. Cost effective production of caustic soda is considered to be a major challenge which will influence the market in coming years.

Key market players include Dow Chemical Company, Olin Chlor Alkali Products, AkzoNobel Chemicals, Befar Group Co. Ltd., Shintech Inc. The global caustic soda industry is fragmented in nature owing to the presence of a large number of small players concentrated in China which will witness larger production as well as consumption of caustic soda in coming years.

 Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope
                       1.1 Research Methodology
                       1.2 Research Scope & Assumptions
                       1.3 List of Data Sources

Chapter 2 . Executive Summary
                       2.1 Caustic Soda - Industry Summary and Critical Success Factor's( CSF's)

Chapter 3 . Caustic Soda Industry Outlook
                       3.1 Caustic Soda market segmentation
                       3.2 Caustic Soda market size and growth prospects, 2014 - 2024
                       3.3 Caustic Soda market - Value chain analysis
                            3.3.1 Vendor landscape
                       3.4 Caustic Soda market dynamics
                       3.5 Market driver analysis
                       3.6 Market restraint analysis
                       3.7 Key market opportunities - Prioritized
                       3.8 Caustic Soda company market share, 2015 
                       3.9 Industry analysis - Porter's
                       3.10 Caustic Soda market PESTEL analysis 

Chapter 4 . Caustic Soda Application Outlook
                       4.1 Global Caustic Soda market share by application, 2015 & 2024 
                       4.2 Alumina
                            4.2.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            4.2.2 Market estimates and forecast by region, 2014 - 2024 
                       4.3 Inorganic Chemicals
                            4.3.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            4.3.2 Market estimates and forecast by region, 2014 - 2024 
                       4.4 Organic Chemicals
                            4.4.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            4.4.2 Market estimates and forecast by region, 2014 - 2024 
                       4.5 Food, Pulp & Paper
                            4.5.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            4.5.2 Market estimates and forecast by region, 2014 - 2024 
                       4.6 Soap & Detergents
                            4.6.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            4.6.2 Market estimates and forecast by region, 2014 - 2024 
                       4.7 Textiles
                            4.7.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 )
                            4.7.2 Market estimates and forecast by region, 2014 - 2024 
                       4.8 Water Treatment
                            4.8.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            4.8.2 Market estimates and forecast by region, 2014 - 2024 
                       4.9 Steel/Metallurgy - Sintering
                            4.9.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            4.9.2 Market estimates and forecast by region, 2014 - 2024 
                       4.10 Others
                            4.10.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            4.10.2 Market estimates and forecast by region, 2014 - 2024 

Chapter 5 . Caustic Soda Regional Outlook
                       5.1 Global caustic soda market share by region, 2015 & 2024
                       5.2 North America
                            5.2.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.2.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.2.3 U.S.
                                   5.2.3.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                                   5.2.3.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                       5.3 Europe
                            5.3.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.3.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.3.3 Germany
                                   5.3.3.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                                   5.3.3.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.3.4 France
                                   5.3.4.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                                   5.3.4.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.3.5 UK
                                   5.3.5.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                                   5.3.5.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                       5.4 Asia Pacific
                            5.4.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.4.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.4.3 China
                                   5.4.3.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                                   5.4.3.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.4.4 India
                                   5.4.4.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                                   5.4.4.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.4.5 Japan
                                   5.4.5.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                                   5.4.5.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                       5.5 Central & South America
                            5.5.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.5.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 
                       5.6 Middle East & Africa
                            5.6.1 Market estimates and forecast, 2014 - 2024 
                            5.6.2 Market estimates and forecast, by application, 2014 - 2024 

Chapter 6 . Competitive Landscape 
                       6.1 FMC Corporation
                            6.1.1 Company Overview
                            6.1.2 Financial Performance
                            6.1.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.1.4 Strategic Initiatives
                       6.2 Formosa Plastics Corporation
                            6.2.1 Company Overview
                            6.2.2 Financial Performance
                            6.2.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.2.4 Strategic Initiatives
                       6.3 Hanwha Chemical Corporation
                            6.3.1 Company Overview
                            6.3.2 Financial Performance
                            6.3.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.3.4 Strategic Initiatives
                       6.4 Ineos Group Limited
                            6.4.1 Company Overview
                            6.4.2 Financial Performance
                            6.4.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.4.4 Strategic Initiatives
                       6.5 Nirma Limited
                            6.5.1 Company Overview
                            6.5.2 Financial Performance
                            6.5.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.5.4 Strategic Initiatives
                       6.6 Occidental Petroleum Corporation (OXY)
                            6.6.1 Company Overview
                            6.6.2 Financial Performance
                            6.6.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.6.4 Strategic Initiatives
                       6.7 Olin Corporation
                            6.7.1 Company Overview
                            6.7.2 Financial Performance
                            6.7.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.7.4 Strategic Initiatives
                       6.8 PPG Industries
                            6.8.1 Company Overview
                            6.8.2 Financial Performance
                            6.8.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.8.4 Strategic Initiatives
                       6.9 Solvay SA
                            6.9.1 Company Overview
                            6.9.2 Financial Performance
                            6.9.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.9.4 Strategic Initiatives
                       6.10 Tata Chemicals Limited
                            6.10.1 Company Overview
                            6.10.2 Financial Performance
                            6.10.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.10.4 Strategic Initiative
                       6.11 The DOW Chemical Company
                            6.11.1 Company Overview
                            6.11.2 Financial Performance
                            6.11.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.11.4 Strategic Initiative
                       6.12 Tosoh Corporation 
                            6.12.1 Company Overview
                            6.12.2 Financial Performance
                            6.12.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.12.4 Strategic Initiative
                       6.13 Xinjiang Zhongtai Chemical Co. Ltd. 
                            6.13.1 Company Overview
                            6.13.2 Financial Performance
                            6.13.3 Product Benchmarking
                            6.13.4 Strategic Initiative

List of Tables

Table 1 Caustic Soda - Industry Summary & Key Buying Criteria
Table 2 Global Caustic Soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 3 Global Caustic Soda market estimates & forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 4 Global Caustic Soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 5 Global Caustic Soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 6 Global Caustic Soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 7 Global Caustic Soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 8 Global Caustic Soda market volume estimates by region, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 9 Global Caustic Soda market volume estimates & forecast by region, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 10 Global Caustic Soda market revenue estimates by region, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 11 Global Caustic Soda market revenue estimates & forecast by region, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 12 Caustic Soda key market driver analysis
Table 13 Caustic Soda - key market restraint analysis
Table 14 Global caustic soda market estimates in alumina, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 15 Global caustic soda market estimates and forecast in alumina, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 16 Global caustic soda market volume estimates in alumina, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 17 Global caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast in alumina, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 18 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates in alumina, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 19 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates forecast in alumina, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 20 Global caustic soda market estimates in inorganic chemicals, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 21 Global caustic soda market estimates and forecast in inorganic chemicals, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 22 Global caustic soda market volume estimates in inorganic chemicals, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 23 Global caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast in inorganic chemicals, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 24 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates in inorganic chemicals, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 25 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates forecast in inorganic chemicals, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million) 
Table 26 Global caustic soda market estimates in organic chemicals, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 27 Global caustic soda market estimates and forecast in organic chemicals, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 28 Global caustic soda market volume estimates in organic chemicals, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 29 Global caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast in organic chemicals, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 30 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates in organic chemicals, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 31 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates forecast in organic chemicals, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million) 
Table 32 Global caustic soda market estimates in food, paper & pulp, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 33 Global caustic soda market estimates and forecast in food, paper & pulp, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 34 Global caustic soda market volume estimates in food, paper & pulp, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 35 Global caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast in food, paper & pulp, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 36 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates in food, paper & pulp, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 37 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates forecast in food, paper & pulp, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million) 
Table 38 Global caustic soda market estimates in soaps & detergents, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 39 Global caustic soda market estimates and forecast in soaps & detergents, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 40 Global caustic soda market volume estimates in soaps & detergents, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 41 Global caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast in soaps & detergents, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 42 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates in soaps & detergents, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 43 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates forecast in soaps & detergents, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million) 
Table 44 Global caustic soda market estimates in textiles, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 45 Global caustic soda market estimates and forecast in textiles, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 46 Global caustic soda market volume estimates in textiles, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 47 Global caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast in textiles, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 48 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates in textiles, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 49 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates forecast in textiles, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million) 
Table 50 Global caustic soda market estimates in water treatment, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 51 Global caustic soda market estimates and forecast in water treatment, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 52 Global caustic soda market volume estimates in water treatment, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 53 Global caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast in water treatment, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 54 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates in water treatment, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 55 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates forecast in water treatment, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million) 
Table 56 Global caustic soda market estimates in steel/metallurgy- sintering, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 57 Global caustic soda market estimates and forecast in steel/metallurgy- sintering, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 58 Global caustic soda market volume estimates in steel/metallurgy- sintering, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 59 Global caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast in steel/metallurgy- sintering, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 60 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates in steel/metallurgy- sintering, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 61 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates forecast in steel/metallurgy- sintering, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million) 
Table 62 Global caustic soda market estimates in other applications, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 63 Global caustic soda market estimates and forecast in other applications, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 64 Global caustic soda market volume estimates in other applications, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 65 Global caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast in other applications, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 66 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates in other applications, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 67 Global caustic soda market revenue estimates forecast in other applications, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 68 North America caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 69 North America caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 70 North America caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 71 North America caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 72 North America caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 73 North America caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 74 U.S. caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 75 U.S. caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 76 U.S. caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 77 U.S. caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 78 U.S. caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 79 U.S. caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 80 Europe caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 81 Europe caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 82 Europe caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 83 Europe caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 84 Europe caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 85 Europe caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 86 Germany caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 87 Germany caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 88 Germany caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 89 Germany caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 90 Germany caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 91 Germany caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 92 France caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 93 France caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 94 France caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 95 France caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 96 France caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 97 France caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 98 UK caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 99 UK caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 100 UK caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 101 UK caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 102 UK caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 103 UK caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 104 Asia Paific caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 105 Asia Pacific caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 106 Asia Pacific caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 107 Asia Pacific caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 108 Asia Pacific caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 109 Asia Pacific caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 110 China caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 111 China caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 112 China caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 113 China caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 114 China caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 115 China caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 116 India caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 117 India caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 118 India caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 119 India caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 120 India caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 121 India caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 122 Japan caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 123 Japan caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 124 Japan caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 125 Japan caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 126 Japan caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 127 Japan caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 128 CSA caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 129 CSA caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 130 CSA caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 131 CSA caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 132 CSA caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 133 CSA caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)
Table 134 MEA caustic soda market estimates, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 135 MEA caustic soda market estimates and forecast, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons) (USD Million)
Table 136 MEA caustic soda market volume estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (Kilo Tons)
Table 137 MEA caustic soda market volume estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (Kilo Tons)
Table 138 MEA caustic soda market revenue estimates by application, 2014 - 2015 (USD Million)
Table 139 MEA caustic soda market revenue estimates & forecast by application, 2016 - 2024 (USD Million)