Toll Free: 1-888-928-9744
Toll Free: 1-888-928-9744
Published: Aug, 2014 | Pages:
Publisher: WinterGreen Research
Industry: Pharmaceutical | Report Format: Electronic (PDF)
The global alcohol breathalyzer and drug testing equipment market is likely to witness substantial growth from 2014 to 2020. Law enforcement agencies and corporate entities are increasingly getting more businesses tested for substance abuse that includes alcohol and drugs. Growing addiction to alcohol and drugs poses a great risk to societies across the world. While abusers often are in denial of their addiction, even claiming it to be their personal choice, the reality is that they are a grave danger to others when they drink and drive. An inebriated state often promotes road rage. The serious consequences of substance abuse are getting more attention as dangers are more commonly recognized. Increasing affordability of testing users of alcohol and drugs is also supporting growth. People have easy access to alcohol in bars. Moreover, sports clubs, where people socialize, are cropping up all over even in previously conservative cultures. They provide an alternative to bars. Studies have revealed that alcohol related road mishaps in the U.S. claim a life every 31 minutes and cause injuries every 2 minutes. In fact, more than half of road accidents in the country are a result of either drug abuse or excessive consumption of alcohol. In Britain, deaths by drunken drivers increased by over 25% in 2012. Substance abuse erodes productivity at the workplace. Employees that are users of alcohol and drugs lack consistency in performance, have poor concentration and are, in general less efficient. Furthermore, their health issues lead to loss of workable days. This takes a huge toll on overall organizational performance and profitability. There is a probability of terrorists flooding U.S. with cheap heroin and opiates as a way of weakening the populace. This calls for proactive measures. It has thus become extremely crucial for strict enforcement of laws pertaining to alcohol and drug abuse. Road safety laws and work place safety issues have taken a center stage. Business organizations and vehicle owners, in particular, are being persuaded to install breath analyzers. Fuel cell technology segment held a dominant position in the global market in 2013. Drug testing segment which held a 28% share of the total revenues in 2013, will occupy over 65% of the market by 2020. Key market participants are Abbott Laboratories, Express Diagnostic, Randox Laboratories, and Sonic Healthcare. Key Topics Alcohol Breathalyzer Breath Analyzer Drug Testing Healthcare Biosensor Saliva Drug Test Kits Urine Drug Test Kits Drug Abuse Test Kits Oral Fluid Drug Test Kit Drug Identification Kits Hair Drug Test Kits Rapid Detect Dip Drug Drug Test Key Cup K2 Spice Synthetic Drug Compounds Fuel Cell Sensor Combination Module Testing Cannabis Testing THC Testing COC Cocaine Testing BZO Benzodiazepines Testing AMP Amphetamine Testing OPI Morphrine Testing Personal Breathalyzer Healthcare Breath Diagnostic Test Breath Test Evidence Employee Alcohol and Drug Testing Law Enforcement Testing Companies Profiled Market Leaders Drgerwerk AG & Co. KGaA / Draeger Lifeloc Technologies Quest Products MDP CMI / Lion Intoximeters Securetec Detektions-Systeme AG Alcolock Alcovisor AK Solutions National Patent Analytic Systems (NPAS) / Datamaster Alere Market Participants Abbott Laboratories AK Solutions Alcolizer Alcovisor Applied Nanodetectors Bio-Rad Laboratories CLIAWaived DOT Breathalyzers KHN Solutions LLC BACTRACK Breathalyzers EBI Express Diagnostic KHN Solutions LLC Bactrack Breathalyzers Lab Corp Ladybug Teknologies National Patent Analytic Systems (NPAS) / Datamaster Psychemedic OmegaPoint Systems Quest Products Randox Laboratories Rapid Detect Inc. Rapid Exams Roche Diagnostics Sonic Healthcare Test Country Thermo Fisher Scientific okyoflash TruTouch uVera Diagnostics
Breath Analyzer, Saliva Testers, And Biosensor Executive Summary 41
Alcohol Breathalyzer and Drug Testing Market Driving Forces 41
Law Enforcement Breathalyzers 43
Alcohol Usage Problem In The Workplace 44
Breathalyzer 46
Impact of Alcohol 47
Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor
Market Shares 50
Alcohol Breathalyzer and Drug Testing Market Shares 50
Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Tester, and Healthcare Biosensor
Market Forecasts 52
1. Alcohol Breath Analyzer, Urine Drug And Saliva Testing Market Description And Market Dynamics 54
1.1 Synthetic Marijuana 54
1.1.1. K2 and Spice Synthetic Compounds Have Chemical Structure Shared With Known Cancer-Causing Agents 54
1.2 Army Soldiers: Spice Drug Of Choice 54
1.2.1 K2 and Spice Synthetic Compounds More Than Regular Marijuana 58
1.2.2 K2 and Spice Synthetic Compounds Risk of Seeking Treatment 59
1.2.3 US Military Drug Tests 60
1.2.4 Synthetic Marijuana Often Undetected by Drug Tests for People on Parole or Probation 60
1.3 Breathalyzer 61
1.3.1 Diagnostic Drug Testing Demonstrated ROI 61
1.4 DUI Offenses 62
1.4.1 Sports Fans Drunk at Games 8% 62
1.4.2 Personal Breathalyzer 63
1.4.3 Indicators To Spot Potential Drunk Drivers 63
1.5 Impact of Alcohol 64
1.6 Breathalyzer Applications 65
1.6.1 Keychain Breathalyzer 65
1.7 BAC 66
1.8 Alcohol Usage Problem In The Workplace 66
1.9 Breathalyzer 69
1.9.1 Mis-calibrated Equipment 71
1.9.2 Law Enforcement 73
1.9.3 Consumer Use 73
1.9.4 Breath Test Evidence 74
1.9.5 Hosting Parties, And Celebrating 74
1.10 Demand For More Effective Detection Of Alcohol Impairment 74
1.10.1 Traditional Alcohol Breath Analyzer Testing 75
1.10.2 Breath Alcohol Analysis 76
1.10.3 Alcohol Merges with Breath 77
1.10.4 Analyze An Alveolar Or Deep Lung Air 78
1.11 Alcohol Is A Drug 79
1.12 Laws Prohibit Driving With An Elevated BAC 79
1.13 2012 Drunk Driving Statistics 80
1.13.1 When Alcohol-Impaired Crashes Occur 93
1.14 Breath to Test for Alcohol Concentrations in the Body 96
1.15 Heart Problems Linked to Heavy Drinking 97
1.15.1 Atrial Defibrillation 97
1.15.2 Health Insurers Denied Coverage 98
1.16 Biomedical And Chemical Mid-IR SPR Based Sensor 99
1.16.1 Development Of Mid-Infrared Surface Plasmon 99
1.16.2 Sensors Utilizing Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 100
1.17 Miniaturized Mid-Infrared Sensor Technologies Trends 101
1.18 Nanotechnology Is Significant 101
1.18.1 Mid IR Waveguides 104
1.18.2 Miniaturized IR Gas Sensors 105
2 Alcohol Breath AnalyZer, Drug Testing, And Healthcare Biosensor Market Shares And Market Forecasts 107
2.1 Alcohol Breathalyzer and Drug Testing Market Driving Forces 107
2.1.1 Law Enforcement Breathalyzers 109
2.1.2 Alcohol Usage Problem In The Workplace 110
2.1.3 Breathalyzer 112
2.1.4 Impact of Alcohol 113
2.2 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Shares 116
2.2.1 Alcohol Breathalyzer and Drug Testing Market Shares 116
2.2.2 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Tester, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Forecasts 119
2.2.3 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Segments 125
2.3 Alcohol Breathalyzer Markets 129
2.3.1 Alcohol Breathalyzer Market Shares 130
2.3.2 Alcohol Breathalyzer Market Forecasts 132
2.4 Alcohol Breathalyzer Market Participant Summary, Worldwide, 2014-2020 136
2.4.1 MDP CMI / Lion The Largest Company In Breath Alcohol Testing 136
2.4.2 MDP/ CMI Trained More Than 15,000 Law Enforcement Officials 136
2.4.3 MDP/ CMI Intoxilyzer 5000 Breathalyzers 137
2.4.4 MDP / Lion 138
2.4.5 MDP / Lion Fuel Cell Sensor 138
2.4.6 Alcohol Use 138
2.4.7 Draeger Corporation 139
2.4.8 Intoximeters 141
2.4.9 Intoximeters 141
2.4.10 Quest Products / Q3 Innovations / Alcohawk Breathalyzers 142
2.4.11 Quest Products / Q3 Innovations / DrugHAWK Drug Test Kits 142
2.4.12 Quest Products Q3 Asset Acquisition 142
2.4.13 Lifeloc Technologies 143
2.4.14 AK Solutions 144
2.4.15 Alcolizer 145
2.4.16 National Patent Analytic Systems (NPAS) / Datamaster 146
2.4.17 Alcovisor 146
2.5 Drug Testing Markets 147
2.5.1 Drug Testing Market Shares 148
2.5.2 Drug Testing Market Forecasts 150
2.6 Healthcare Biosensor Markets 159
2.7 Law Enforcement Alcohol Testing Portable Breath Analyzer Market Forecasts 162
2.8 DUI Offenses 164
2.8.1 Sports Fans Drunk at Games 8% 164
2.8.2 Personal Breathalyzer 165
2.8.3 Indicators To Spot Potential Drunk Drivers 165
2.8.4 Breathalyzer Applications 166
2.8.5 Keychain Breathalyzer 167
2.8.6 BAC 168
2.8.7 Miscalibrated Equipment 169
2.8.8 Drunk Driving Law Enforcement 169
2.8.9 Breath Alcohol Analyzers Consumer Use 169
2.8.10 Breath Test Evidence 170
2.8.11 Hosting Parties, And Celebrating 170
2.8.12 Demand For More Effective Detection Of Alcohol Impairment 171
2.8.13 Traditional Alcohol Breath Analyzer Testing 171
2.8.14 Breath Alcohol Analysis 172
2.8.15 Alcohol Merges with Breath 173
2.8.16 Analyze An Alveolar Or Deep Lung Air 174
2.8.17 Alcohol Is A Drug 175
2.8.18 Laws Prohibit Driving With An Elevated BAC 175
2.9 US 2014 Drunk Driving Standards 176
2.9.1 When Alcohol-Impaired Crashes Occur 184
2.9.2 Breath to Test for Alcohol Concentrations in the Body 187
2.9.3 Drug Testing Market Forecasts Units 188
2.10 Healthcare Bio Sensors and Disease Detection 188
2.10.1 Sensors Utilizing Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 189
2.10.2 Clinical Niche for Breath Tests 189
2.10.3 Heart Problems Linked to Heavy Drinking 190
2.10.4 Atrial Defibrillation 191
2.10.5 Health Insurers Denied Coverage 191
2.11 Breathalyzer Prices 193
2.11.1 Dräger Alcotest® 9510 195
2.11.2 Draeger Breathalyzer Dräger Alcotest 6510 195
2.11.3 AK Solutions Fuel Cell and Other Breathalizer Prices 196
2.11.4 AK Solutions AlcoScan AL2500 Prices 198
2.11.5 Personal Breathalyzer Keychains 199
2.11.6 Personal Breathalyzer 200
2.11.7 Home Breathalyser Prices : 201
2.12 Alcohol Breathalyzer and Drug Testing Regional Analysis 209
2.12.1 U.S. 210
2.12.2 Germany 211
2.12.3 U.K. 211
3 Alcohol Breath Analyzer And Drug Testing Product Description 212
3.1 Drager Drug Screening Equipment 212
3.1.1 Dräger DrugTest® 5000 212
3.2 TestCountry Synthetic and Traditional Marijuana Testing 219
3.2.1 TestCountry Synthetic Marijuana Urine Laboratory Test - Detects Synthetic Cannabinoids (street names K2, SPICE, JWH-018, JWH-073) 222
3.2.2 TestCountry SalivaConfirm Instant Oral Fluid Drug Test Kit 224
3.2.3 Corporate Drug Abuse Test Kits 225
3.2.4 TestCountry Urine Drug Test Kits: 226
3.2.5 TestCountry - Saliva Drug Test Kits: 226
3.2.6 TestCountry - Hair Drug Test Kits: 227
3.2.7 TestCountry - Drug Identification Kits: 227
3.2.8 TestCountry Oratect 6 Panel Saliva Test (THC/MET/COC/AMP/OPI/PCP) 228
3.2.9 TestCountry SalivaConfirm Oral Fluid Drug Test Kit - 5 Drug Panel 229
3.2.10 TestCountry Instant Urine Drug Test Cups 232
3.2.11 TestCountry Instant Urine Drug Test Dip Cards 235
3.3 Rapid Exams CLIA Waived Fastect II K2 Spice Test 235
3.3.1 Rapid Exams Fastect CLIAWaived K2 Rapid Spice Test 236
3.4 Rapid Detect Inc. K2 Drug Test 238
3.4.1 Rapid Detect Urine Drug Test 240
3.4.2 Rapid Detect Dip Drug Test 241
3.4.3 Rapid Detect Oral Drug Test 241
3.4.4 Rapid Detect Multiple Panel Drug Test Options 241
3.4.5 Rapid Detect K2 Drug Test 242
3.4.6 Rapid Detect Alcohol Tester 243
3.4.7 Rapid Detect CLIA Waived Drug Tests 243
3.5 Express Diagnostic Sensitive K2/Spice Test on the market screens for 18 compounds 243
3.6 Securetec Detektions-Systeme AG Alcolock DrugWipe 245
3.6.1 Alcolock DRUGWIPE® S Saliva Drug Test 249
3.6.2 Alcolock DRUGWIPE® F Surface Drug Test 250
3.6.3 Alcolock DrugWipe® K Sweat Drug Test 252
3.6.4 Alcolock DrugWipe® Universal Drug Test 254
3.6.5 Alcolock DrugRead® Electronic Test Reader 256
3.6.6 Alcolock Alcolizer Druglizer 257
3.6.7 Alcolock Druglizerâ„¢ Programs 258
3.6.8 Alcolock Druglizer Supported (In-House) Testing Program 258
3.6.9 Alcolock Managed (External) Testing Program 258
3.6.10 Alcolock Hybrid Testing Program 259
3.6.11 Securetec Detektions-Systeme AG DrugWipe® Detects Croc 260
3.7 Lifeloc Drug Screening Products 261
3.7.1 Lifeloc Noble Split Specimen Cups 262
3.7.2 Lifeloc Discoverâ„¢ Multi Panel Drug Test Key Cup 264
3.7.3 Lifeloc ProScreenâ„¢ Testing Cups 266
3.7.4 Lifeloc UScreen Drug Test Cup 267
3.8 uVera Diagnostic 269
3.8.1 uVera Urine Drug Screen for Heroin 269
3.8.2 uVera Urine Drug Test For Marijuana (THC) 271
3.9 Quest Diagnostics Urine Drug Testing 272
3.9.1 Quest Diagnostics Drug Testing Specimen Validity Testing 273
3.9.2 Quest Diagnostics Urine Drug Testing Demonstrated ROI 273
3.10 Alere iCassette® Drug Screen 274
3.10.1 Alere iCup® Drug Screen 275
3.10.2 Alere iScreen® Dip Card 277
3.10.3 Alere E-Z Split Key® Cup 279
3.11 EBI Lab Based Urine Drug Testing 280
3.11.1 EBI Lab Based Oral Fluid Testing 281
3.12 Draeger Breathalyzer 282
3.12.1 Dräger Alcotest® 6810 DOT 288
3.12.2 Dräger Alcotest® 7110 Evidential 289
3.12.3 Dräger Alcotest® 7510 290
3.12.4 Dräger Alcotest® 9510 292
3.12.5 Dräeger Alcotest® 6810 293
3.12.6 Dräeger Mobile Printer 293
3.12.7 Dräger Alcotest® Tubes 294
3.12.8 Dräger Alcotest® 6510 294
3.12.9 Dräger Alcotest® 6810 295
3.12.10 Dräger Alcotest® 6810 DOT 296
3.12.11 Dräger Interlock® XT 298
3.12.12 Dräger DrugTest® 5000 299
3.12.13 Dräger SSK 5000 302
3.12.14 Dräger Alcotest® Tubes 303
3.13 MPD 305
3.13.1 Lion AlcoBlow 307
3.13.2 CMI’s Intoxilyzer 310
3.13.3 MPD 316
3.13.4 MPD Lion Laboratories Limited 317
3.13.5 Lion Intoxilyzer® 319
3.13.6 Lion Intoxilyzer Role in Road Traffic 320
3.13.7 Lion Intoxilyzer Role in Detecting Under-Age Drinking 322
3.13.8 Lion Intoxilyzer Role in Prisons 322
3.13.9 Intoxilyzer 5000s Drunk Driving Case Anomalies 322
3.13.10 Lion Fuel Cell Sensors for Breath Analysis 323
3.13.11 Lion Commercial and Industrial Target Markets 324
3.13.12 Lion Laboratories Breath Analyzer Products 328
3.13.13 Lion Alcolmeter® 400 329
3.13.14 Lion Alcolmeter® 500 330
3.13.15 Lion Alcolmeter® 600 331
3.14 16 Lion Fuel Cell Technology 332
3.14.17 Lion DS®-10 Vehicle Interlock 333
3.14.18 Lion Accessories and Consumables 334
3.14.19 Lion Forensic Support 335
3.14.20 CMI / Intoxilyzer 335
3.14.21 CMI / Intoxilyzer 8000 338
3.15 Intoxilyzer 5000 "Slope" Parameter 341
3.15.1 Intoximeters AlcoSensor 341
3.15.2 Intoximeters AlcoSensor Features: 341
3.15.3 Intoximeters Alco-Sensor FST® 344
3.15.4 Intoximeters Intox EC/IR® II 344
3.16 AK Solutions / AlcoScan 345
3.16.1 AlcoScan AL2500 346
3.16.2 AK Solutions Fuel Cell 348
3.16.3 AlcoScan AL3500 Fuel-Cell Breathalyzers For Commercial Consumers, Vending-Style Money-Acceptor Functionality 348
3.16.4 AK Solutions Portable Breathalizers 351
3.17 Alcolizer 356
3.17.1 Alcolizer HH3 – Handheld Series 356
3.17.2 Alcolizer Commercial And Industrial Alcohol Breath Testing 356
3.17.3 Alcolizer LE5 – Law Enforcement Series 358
3.17.4 Alcolizer Wall Mount 4 360
3.17.5 Alcolizer Preferred Breathalyser Supplier To Australian Police Forces 365
3.17.6 Full Service And Highest Quality Breath Test Units Win Over South Australia Police 365
3.18 National Patent Analytic Systems (NPAS) / Datamaster 366
3.18.1 NPAS Manufacturers the DMT 367
3.18.2 National Patent Analytic Systems (NPAS) / Datamaster Product Features & benefits: 368
3.18.3 Evidence Ticket Standard DataMaster 4 1/2 x 7, Package of 200 371
3.18.4 DataMaster DMT 371
3.18.5 DataMaster DMT in Minnesota 373
3.18.6 Michigan Datamaster DMT 373
3.18.7 Datamaster DMT False Positive Readings 374
3.18.8 Datamaster DMT Can Be Compared to Blood Tests Which Are More Accurate But Often Lead To Higher Results 374
3.19 TruTouch Fingertip BAC Detector 375
3.20 Lifeloc FC10 Breath Alcohol Tester 376
3.20.1 LifeLoc FC10 Breath Alcohol Tester Operation 377
3.20.2 Lifeloc Alcohol Tester Product Innovation 382
3.20.3 Lifeloc FC Series 384
3.20.4 Lifeloc DataTrak® for Law Enforcement 385
3.20.5 Lifeloc FC10 386
3.20.6 Lifeloc FC10Plus 386
3.20.7 Lifeloc FC20 387
3.20.8 Lifeloc FC20BT 387
3.20.9 Lifeloc Workplace Applications 388
3.20.10 Lifeloc Offers A Total Substance Abuse Solution: Equipment, Supplies, Training, and Consultation 388
3.20.11 Lifeloc Phoenix 6.0 Bluetooth 389
3.20.12 Lifeloc Professional Breath Alcohol Training 390
3.21 Quest Products / Q3 Innovations / Alcohawk Breathalyzers 390
3.21.1 Q3 AlcoHAWK® One Test 390
3.21.2 Q3 AlcoHAWK® Slim Breathalyzer 391
3.21.3 AlcoHAWK® CA2010 Breathalyzer 392
3.21.4 AlcoHAWK® PRO Breathalyzer 393
3.21.5 AlcoHAWK® PT500 Breathalyzer 394
3.21.6 Quest Products / Q3 Innovations / DrugHAWK Drug Test Kits 395
3.21.7 Quest AlcoHAWK Series 395
3.21.8 Quest Products AlcoHAWK Approvals 396
3.22 KHN Solutions LLC BACtrack Breathalyzers 397
3.22.1 BACTRACK Element 397
3.22.2 BACTRACK B70 Black 398
3.22.3 Nokia And UK Nanotech Company Mobile Phone Breathalyzer Prototype 399
3.23 Tokyoflash Watch Design 400
3.24 Ladybug Teknologies BAQ Tracker Breathalyzer 403
3.24.1 Ladybug Teknologies BAQ Tracker Mobile App 404
3.25 Alcolock 405
3.25.1 Alcolock Alert J5 Professional Breath Alcohol Tester with Bluetooth Printer 405
3.25.2 Alcolock ALERTâ„¢ J4X Portable Fuel Cell Breath Alcohol Tester 406
3.25.3 Alcolock REDTUBE 406
3.25.4 Alcolock DRIVESAFEâ„¢ 407
3.26 OmegaPoint Systems BreathKey 408
3.27 Akers Biosciences Chube® Healthcare Breathalizer Product 410
3.28 Roche Diagnostics Urinalysis 411
3.27.1 Roche Diagnostics OnTrak TESTCUP 411
3.29 Lab Corp Lab-based Drug Tests 413
3.29.1 Lab Corp Rapid Tests 413
3.29.2 Lab Corp Urine Drug Tests 414
3.29.3 Lab Corp Drugs of Abuse Reference Guide 414
3.29.4 Lab Corp Oral Fluid Drug Tests 415
3.29.5 Lab Corp Sensitive Testing 415
3.30 Abbott Laboratories PRISMnEXT 416
3.30.1 Abbott ARCHITECT c16000 416
3.31 Randox Laboratories Biochip Immunoassay Analysers - Multiplex Testing 417
3.32 Psychemedic Corporation Drug Test 418
3.32.1 Psychemedic Corporation Drug Test Advantages Over Urinalysis 419
3.32.2 Psychemedic Corporation Hair Alcohol Testing (EtG) 419
3.33 Bio-Red Laboratories TOX/See Rapid Urine Drug Screen Tests 420
3.34 Sonic Healthcare 420
3.35 Thermo Fisher Scientific 421
4 Breath Analyzer, Saliva Testers, Bio-Sensor Technology And International Regulations 422
4-1 Personal vs. Professional Law Enforcement Breathalizer Devices 422
4.15.1 Portable Breath Testers In Law Enforcement 423
4.15.2 Lifeloc Technology In The Workplace 424
4.15.3 Lifeloc Personal Breath Tester Technology 425
4.15.4 LifeGuard Fuel Cell Technology vs. Semiconductor Technology 425
4.16 Proposed DWI Changes US Constitutional Challenges 426
4.16.1 Drug Testing Rules for Applicants in Louisiana 426
4.17 European Convention on Human Rights 427
4.17.1 Chez Republic 431
4.17.2 Denmark 432
4.17.3 Germany 433
4.17.4 Estoia 434
4.17.5 Greece 435
4.17.6 Spain 436
4.17.7 France 437
4.17.8 Ireland 438
4.17.9 Italy 439
4.17.10 Cyprus 440
4.17.11 Latvia 441
4.17.12 Lithuania 442
4.17.13 Luxembourg 445
4.17.14 Hungary 446
4.17.15 Netherlands 446
4.17.16 Austria 449
4.17.17 Portugal 450
4.17.18 Slovenia 451
4.17.19 Slovakia 452
4.17.20 Finland 453
4.17.21 Sweden 454
4.17.22 Norway 455
4.17.23 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) 456
4.18 China 456
4.19 US Drug Regulations 458
4.19.1 Types of Drug Testing in California 459
4.19.2 US Pre-employment Drug and Alcohol Testing of Job Applicants 460
4.19.3 US Drug Testing of Current Employees 460
4.20 Employers Need Clear Policies That Articulate A Drug Testing Policy 463
4.21 Draeger Criminal Justice Through Installing An Ignition Interlock Device (IID) 463
4.22 US Drug Testing Laws by State 464
4.23 Worldwide Drunk Driver Penalties 467
4.24 Breaathalyzer Regulations 485
4.25 Breath Sampling Challenges 485
4.25.1 Testing Breath 486
4.26 Biosensors 487
4.26.1 Chroma Biosensors 488
4.27 Science Behind Breath Alcohol Analyzers 488
4.27.1 Non-Specific Analysis 491
4.27.2 Interfering Compounds 492
4.28 Breathalyzers Use Ratio to Partition Alcohol In The Breath As Alcohol In The Blood 493
4.28.1 Mouth Alcohol 494
4.28.2 Absorption Of Alcohol 494
4.28.3 Chemical Micro-Sensors 495
4.29 Healthcare Breath Tests in Use 496
4.29.1 Breathalyzer That Screens For Illness 498
4.29.2 Breath Tests for NO to Detect Asthma Compliance 500
4.29.3 13c-Labelled Urea Substrate To Detect Helicobacter Pylori 500
4.29.4 Menssana’s Hearts Breath Cardiac Transplant Rejection Test 501
4.29.5 Menssana H. pylori Breath Tests 501
4.29.6 Xenobiotics 502
4.30 Breath Test Technologies 503
4.30.1 Spectrometry Methods Are Instantiated As Semiconductors 503
4.30.2 Testing for Alcohol: Breath Alcohol Physiology 504
4.30.3 Relationship Between The Blood And Breath Alcohol Concentrations In Equilibrium 507
4.30.4 Testing for Alcohol: Fuel Cell Sensor Breath Analysis 508
4.30.5 Testing for Alcohol: Infrared Analysis 511
4.30.6 Draeger Machine Measures The Temperature Of The Subject’s Breath And Then Adjusts The Results 513
4.30.7 Forensic Breath-Alcohol Testing Quality Assurance 513
4.31 Ketosis 515
4.31.1 Substances In The Mouth That May Cause Inaccurate Readings 515
4.31.2 Failure To Verify Breath Analyzer Device Simulator 516
4.31.3 Effects of Gastric Bypass Surgery 517
4.31.4 Keychain Breathalyzer 518
5 Breath Analyzer Company Profiles 519
5.1 Abbott Laboratories 519
5.1.1 Diagnostics 521
5.1.2 Vascular 521
5.1.3 Diabetes Care 521
5.1.4 Vision Technologies 521
5.1.5 Nutrition 522
5.1.6 Pharmaceuticals 522
5.1.7 Animal Health 522
5.2 AK Solutions 522
5.2.1 AK Solutions AlcoMate Prestige 523
5.2.2 AK Solutions Target Markets 523
5.3 Akers Biosciences 524
5.4 Alcolizer 525
5.4.1 Alcolizer Research, Design & Development 525
5.4.2 Alcolizer Acquisition of OxTo 526
5.4.3 Alcolizer Manufacturing & Service 527
5.4.4 Alcolizer’s Products Use Police Grade Fuel Cell Technology 527
5.4.5 Alcolizer Industry Drug Testing Programs, Druglizerâ„¢, Saliva Based Testing 527
5.5 Alcohol Countermeasure Systems (ACS): Alcolock 529
5.5.1 ACS Breath Alcohol Testing Products 530
5.5.2 Alcohol Countermeasure Systems (ACS) Alcolock Compliance Monitoring Programs 530
5.5.3 Alcolock Commercial Alcohol Interlock Programs 532
5.5.4 ACS Quality Standards 532
5.6 Alcovisor 533
5.7 Alere 533
5.8 Applied Nanodetectors 535
5.8.1 Applied Nanodetectors Business Strategy 535
5.9 Bio-Rad Laboratories 535
5.10 CLIAWaived 536
5.11 DOT Breathalyzers 536
5.12 Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA 537
5.12.1 Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA Revenue 539
5.12.2 Draeger Safety Division 540
5.12.3 Draeger Medical Division 540
5.12.4 Draeger Preventing Alcohol And Drug-Related Accidents 543
5.12.5 Draeger Safety Diagnostics 544
5.13 EBI 545
5.14 Express Diagnostic 545
5.14.1 Personnel Expertise 546
5.15 Intoximeters 547
5.16 KHN Solutions LLC Bactrack Breathalyzers 548
5.17 Lab Corp 549
5.18 Ladybug Teknologies 550
5.19 Lifeloc Technologies 551
5.19.1 Lifeloc Breathalyzers 552
5.19.2 Lifeloc Revenue 553
5.19.3 Lifeloc Target Markets 555
5.19.4 Lifeloc Installed Base of Breathalyzers 556
5.20 MPD 556
5.20.1 MPD / CMI 557
5.20.2 MPD / CMI 558
5.20.3 MPD / Lion Laboratories 558
5.20.4 MPD / CMI 560
5.21 National Patent Analytic Systems (NPAS) / Datamaster 560
5.21.1 National Patent Analytic Systems (NPAS) DMT Family Of Products 561
5.22 Psychemedic Corporation 563
5.23 OmegaPoint Systems 565
5.24 Quest Diagnostics 566
5.24.1 Quest Diagnostics Diagnostic Testing Services 572
5.24.2 Quest Diagnostics Revenue 573
5.25 Randox Laboratories 573
5.26 Rapid Detect Inc. 574
5.27 Rapid Exams 574
5.28 Roche Diagnostics 578
5.29 Securetec Detektions-Systeme AG Alcolock 580
5.30 Sonic Healthcare 581
5.30.1 Sonic Healthcare Describes Current Healthcare Environment 582
5.30.2 Sonic Healthcare Challenges and Solutions 585
5.31 TestCountry 586
5.31.1 TestCountry Price Match 588
5.32 Thermo Fisher Scientific 588
5.33 Tokyoflash 589
5.34 TruTouch 590
5.35 uVera Diagnostics 591
Table ES-1 Alcohol Breathalyzer Market Driving Forces Table ES-2 Typical Drug And Alcohol Company Policy Document 45 Table ES-3 Alcohol Impact On Society 48 Table ES-4 Breathalyzer Device For Estimating Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) Uses 49 Figure ES-5 Breath Analyzer, Drug Tester, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Shares, Dollars, 2013 51 Figure ES-6 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Forecasts, Worldwide, Dollars, 2014-2020 53 Table 1-1 Physical Health effects for K2 and Spice Synthetic Drug Compounds 57 Table 1-2 Psychological Effects for K2 and Spice Synthetic Drug Compounds 58 Table 1-3 Indicators To Spot Potential Drunk Drivers 64 Table 1-4 Typical Drug And Alcohol Company Policy Document 68 Table 1-5 Breathalyzer Device For Estimating Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) Uses 70 Table 1-6 Mid IR Sensing Systems Components 103 Table 2-1 Alcohol Breathalyzer Market Driving Forces 108 Table 2-2 Typical Drug And Alcohol Company Policy Document 111 Table 2-3 Alcohol Impact On Society 114 Table 2-4 Breathalyzer Device For Estimating Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) Uses 115 Figure 2-5 Alcohol Breath Analyzer, Drug Tester, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Shares, Dollars, 2013 117 Table 2-6 Alcohol Breathalyzer and Drug Testing Equipment Market Shares, Dollars, Worldwide, 2013 118 Figure 2-7 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Forecasts, Worldwide, Dollars, 2014-2020 120 Table 2-8 Alcohol Breathalyzer Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Market, Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 121 Table 2-9 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Law Enforcement Drug Testing, and Healthcare Breathalyzer Biosensor Market Shares, Dollars, Worldwide, 2013-2020 122 Table 2-10 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Breathalizer Market Segments, Dollars, Worldwide, 2013-2020 123 Table 2-11 Alcohol Breathalyzer Law Enforcement, Corporate, and Personal Market Segments, Units and Dollars, Shipments, Worldwide, 2014-2020 124 Table 2-12 125 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Segments, Worldwide, Dollars, 2013 125 Figure 2-13 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testers, and Healthcare Biosensors, Market Segments Dollars, Worldwide, 2020 126 Table 2-14 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Segments, Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 127 Table 2-15 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Segments, Percent, Worldwide, 2014-2020 128 Figure 2-16 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Market Shares, Dollars, Worldwide, 2013 130 Table 2-17 Alcohol Breathalyzer Testing Market Shares, Dollars, Worldwide, 2013 131 Figure 2-18 Alcohol Breath Analyzer Market Forecasts, Worldwide, Dollars, 2014-2020 132 Table 2-19 Alcohol Breathalyzer Market Segments, Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 133 Table 2-20 Alcohol Breath Analyzer Markets, Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 134 Table 2-21 Alcohol Breathalyzer Market Segments, Law Enforcement, Sports, Workplace, and Personal Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 134 Table 2-22 Alcotest® 7110 MK III-C evidential Breath Analyzer Features 140 Table 2-23 Alcolizer Technology Target Markets 145 Figure 2-24 Drug Testing Market Shares, Dollars, Worldwide, 2013 148 Table 2-25 Drug Testing Market Shares, Dollars, Worldwide, 2013 149 Figure 2-26 Drug Testing Market Forecasts, Worldwide, Dollars, 2014-2020 150 Table 2-27 Drug Testing Market Forecasts, Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 151 Table 2-28 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Segments, Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 152 Table 2-29 Drug Testing Market Segments, Combination Modules, Cannabis, THC, COC Cocaine, BZO Benzodiazepines, AMP Amphetamine, and OPI Morphrine Units and Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 153 Figure 2-30 Drug Testing Market Segments, Stand Alone Kits and Combination Modules, Units and Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 154 Table 2-31 Drug Testing Market Segments, Combination Modules, Cannabis, THC, COC Cocaine, BZO Benzodiazepines, AMP Amphetamine, and OPI Morphrine Testing Single Drug Units and Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 155 Table 2-31 Drug Testing Market Segments, Combination Modules, Cannabis, THC, COC Cocaine, BZO Benzodiazepines, AMP Amphetamine, and OPI Morphrine Testing Single Drug Units and Dollars, Worldwide, 156 Table 2-25 Drug Testing Market Shares, Dollars, Worldwide, 2013 149 Figure 2-26 Drug Testing Market Forecasts, Worldwide, Dollars, 2014-2020 150 Table 2-27 Drug Testing Market Forecasts, Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 151 Table 2-28 Alcohol Breathalyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Market Segments, Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 152 Table 2-29 Drug Testing Market Segments, Combination Modules, Cannabis, THC, COC Cocaine, BZO Benzodiazepines, AMP Amphetamine, and OPI Morphrine Units and Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 153 Figure 2-30 Drug Testing Market Segments, Stand Alone Kits and Combination Modules, Units and Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 154 Table 2-31 Drug Testing Market Segments, Combination Modules, Cannabis, THC, COC Cocaine, BZO Benzodiazepines, AMP Amphetamine, and OPI Morphrine Testing Single Drug Units and Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 155 Table 2-31 Drug Testing Market Segments, Combination Modules, Cannabis, THC, COC Cocaine, BZO Benzodiazepines, AMP Amphetamine, and OPI Morphrine Testing Single Drug Units and Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 156 Table 2-31 Drug Testing Market Segments, Combination Modules, Cannabis, THC, COC Cocaine, BZO Benzodiazepines, AMP Amphetamine, and OPI Morphrine Testing Single Drug Units and Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 157 Table 2-32 Alcohol Testing Market Description 158 Figure 2-33 Healthcare Biosensor Market Forecasts Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 160 Table 2-34 Healthcare Biosensor Market Forecasts, Dollars, Worldwide, 2014-2020 161 Table 2-35 Alcohol Breathalyzer Law Enforcement, Corporate, and Personal Market Segments, Units and Dollars, Shipments, Worldwide, 2014-2020 163 Table 2-36 Indicators To Spot Potential Drunk Drivers 166 Table 2-37 Drug Testing Market Forecasts, Units, Worldwide, 2014-2020 188 Table 2-38 AlcoScan AL2500 Prices 198 Table 2-39 AlcoMate AccuCell Prices 199 Figure 2-40 Alcohol Breath Analyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Regional Market Segments, Dollars, 2013 209 Table 2-41 Alcohol Breath Analyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Regional Market Segments, 2013 210 Table 2-42 Drug Testing Market Forecasts, Units, Worldwide, 2014-2020 188 Table 2-43 AlcoScan AL2500 Prices 198 Table 2-44 AlcoMate AccuCell Prices 199 Figure 2-45 Alcohol Breath Analyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Regional Market Segments, Dollars, 2013 209 Table 2-46 Alcohol Breath Analyzer, Drug Testing, and Healthcare Biosensor Regional Market Segments, 2013 210 Figure 3-1 DrugTest® 5000 213 Figure 3-2 Dräger Interlockâ„¢ 7000 214 Figure 3-3 Dräger DrugTest® 5000 System 215 Table 3-4 Dräger DrugTest® 5000 System Functions 216 Table 3-5 Drager Drug Substances Tested 217 Table 3-6 Drager Drug Detection Sites and Locations 218 Table 3-7 How Drager Drug Detection Works 218 Table 3-8 TestCountry Synthetic Marijuana Testing (JWH-018, JWH-073, K2, Spice) and Traditional Marijuana 219 Table 3-9 TestCountry Synthetic Marijuana Urine Laboratory Test 222 Table 3-10 TestCountry SalivaConfirm Instant Oral Fluid Drug Test Kit 224 Figure 3-11 TestCountry Saliva Confirm Benefits 225 Table 3-12 TestCountry Corporate Drug Testing Program Goals: 226 Figure 3-13 TestCountry Oratect 6 Panel Saliva Test 228 Table 3-14 TestCountry Oratect 6 Panel Saliva Drug Test Kit Functions 229 Figure 3-15 TestCountry SalivaConfirm Oral Fluid Drug Test Kit 229 Table 3-16 SALIVACONFIRM Instant Oral Fluid Drug Test Kit Sensitivity (Cut-OFF Levels) 231 Table 3-17 TestCountry SalivaConfirm Instant Oral Fluid Drug Test Kit Functions 232 Table 3-18 TestCountry Drugs Tested For 234 Table 3-19 Rapid Exams Fastect K2 Spice Test Features and Benefits 236 Table 3-20 Fastech CLIAWaived K2 Rapid Spice Test Features and Benefits 237 Table 3-21 CLIAWaived K2 Rapid Spice Test Directions for Use: 237 Table 3-22 Rapid Detect K2 Street names 238 Table 3-23 Rapid Detect K2 Description 239 Table 3-24 Alcolock DrugWipe® Product Benefits 246 Table 3-25 Alcolock DrugWipe Testers 247 Table 3-26 Alcolock Sampling Methods Include: 248 Table 3-27 Alcolock DrugWipe Test Advantages 249 Table 3-28 Alcolock DrugWipe S Fast Detection Of Drug Groups 250 Table 3-29 Alcolock DrugWipe® F Multiple Parameter Test 251 Table 3-30 Alcolock DrugWipe® F Multiple Test Parameters 252 Table 3-31 Alcolock DrugWipe® K Multiple Parameter Test For Efficient Screening 253 Table 3-32 Alcolock DrugWipe® K Multiple Test Parameters 254 Table 3-33 Alcolock DrugWipe® Universal Drug Test 255 Table 3-34 Alcolock DrugWipe Multiple Test Parameters 256 Table 3-35 Alcolock DrugRead Electronic Test Advantages 257 Table 3-36 Alcolock DrugRead® Advantages 257 Table 3-37 Alcolizer Druglizer Program Features 259 Figure 3-38 Lifeloc Noble Split Specimen Cups 262 Table 3-39 Lifeloc Noble Split Specimen Cup Features 263 Figure 3-40 Lifeloc Discoverâ„¢ Multi Panel Drug Test Key Cup 264 Table 3-41 Lifeloc Discoverâ„¢ Multi Panel Drug Test Key Cup Features 265 Figure 3-42 Lifeloc ProScreenâ„¢ Testing Cups 266 Table 3-43 Lifeloc ProScreenâ„¢Workplace Testing 267 Figure 3-44 Lifeloc UScreen Drug Test Cup 267 Table 3-45 Lifeloc UScreen Cup 268 Figure 3-46 uVera Urine Drug Screen for Heroin 269 Table 3-47 uVera Urine Drug Screen for Heroin Functions 270 Figure 3-48 u Vera Urine Drug Test For Marijuana (THC) 271 Table 3-49 uVera Urine Drug Screen for Marijuana (THC) Functions 272 Figure 3-50 Alere iCassette® Drug Screen 274 Table 3-51 Alere iCassette® Drug Screen Functions 275 Figure 3-52 Functions 277 Figure 3-54 Alere iScreen® Dip Card 277 Figure 3-55 Alere iScreen® Dip Card Funcions 279 Figure 3-56 Alere E-Z Split Key® Cup 279 Figure 3-57 Alere E-Z Split Key® Cup Functions 280 Table 3-58 EBI Lab Commonly Tested Panel Drugs 281 Table 3-59 EBI Lab Based Oral Fluid Testing Benefits 282 Figure 3-60 Dräger Driver Alcohol Interlockâ„¢ 7000 284 Figure 3-61 Dräger Alcotest® 6810 DOT 288 Table 3-62 Alcotest® 7110 MK III-C evidential Breath Analyzer Features 290 Figure 3-63 Draeger Alcotest® 7510 291 Table 3-64 Dräeger Alcotest® 7510 Breath Alcohol Analysis Versatility Technology Product Benefits 297 Figure 3-67 Dräger DrugTest® 5000 System - Analyzer and Test kit 300 Table 3-68 Dräger DrugTest® 5000 System Product benefits 301 Table 3-69 Draeger Drug System Tests 302 Table 3-70 Draeger SSK 5000 Used For Sampling For Drugs On Or From Surfaces 303 Table 3-71 Draeger Alcotest® Tubes Features 303 Figure 3-72 Draeger Alcotest® Tubes 304 Figure 3-73 MPD Products 305 Figure 3-74 MPD 306 Figure 3-75 Lion AlcoBlow 307 Table 3-76 MPD AlcoBlow® Target Markets 309 Figure 3-77 CMI Intoxilyzer 9000 310 Figure 3-78 MPD Intoxilyzer 9000 312 Figure 3-79 MPD.AlcoBlow 313 Figure 3-80 MPD Intoxilyzer 500 314 Figure 3-81 MPD Intoxilyzer 600 Touch 315 Figure 3-82 MPD Intoxilyzer S-D5 316 Table 3-83 Lion Target Markets 318 Table 3-84 Lion Products 319 Figure 3-85 Lion Intoxilyzer 320 Figure 3-86 Lion Defines the Problem with Alcohol in the Workplace 324 Figure 3-87 Lion Portable Breath Alcohol Testing Equipment 325 Figure 3-88 Lion Portable Breath Alcohol Law Enforcement Testing Equipment 326 Table 3-89 Lion Laboratories Target Markets: 327 Table 3-90 Lion Laboratories Breath Analyzer Products 328 Figure 3-91 Lion Fuel Cell Technology 332 Figure 3-92 CMI Intoxilyzer Features 336 Table 3-93 CMI Intoxilyzer Features and Options 337 Table 3-94 Intoxilyzer 8000 Calibration 338 Figure 3-95 CMI Breath Alcohol Testing Kits 339 Figure 3-96 Intoximeters Alco-Sensor Line Of Handheld Breath Test Instruments 342 Figure 3-97 Intoximeters Intox EC/IR® II 344 Table 3-98 AlcoScan AL2500 Breathalyzer Target Markets 347 Figure 3-99 AK Solutions Alco Products 349 Figure 3-100 AK Solutions Alco Portable Breathalyzer Products 351 Figure 3-101 AK Solutions Alco Sensor Modules 355 Figure 3-102 Alcolizer HH3 – Handheld Series 356 Table 3-103 Alcolizer HH3 Features 357 Figure 3-104 Alcolizer LE5 – Law Enforcement Series 358 Table 3-105 Alcolizer LE5 Features 359 Figure 3-106 Alcolizer Wall Mount 4 360 Table 3-107 Alcolizer Wall Mount 4 Features 361 Table 3-108 Alcolizer HH-1 Industry Breath Tester 362 Table 3-109 Alcolizer HH-1 Features: 363 Figure 3-110 Alcolizer Industrial Uses 364 Table 3-111 National Patent Analytic Systems (NPAS) / Datamaster Features 368 Figure 3-112 DataMaster Dual Technology Infrared + Fuel Cell 369 Figure 3-113 National Patent Analytic Systems (NPAS) / Datamaster Alcohol Testing 370 Figure 3-114 Lifeloc FC10 Alcohol Tester 376 Table 3-115 Lifeloc FC10 Alcohol Tester Features 376 Table 3-116 LifeLoc FC10 Breath Alcohol Tester Operation 377 Table 3-117 LifeLoc FC10 Breath Alcohol Tester Features 378 Table 3-118 LifeLoc FC10 Breath Alcohol Tester Functions 379 Table 3-119 Lifeloc Target Markets 381 Table 3-120 Lifeloc Law Enforcement Programs 385 Figure 3-121 Lifeloc Bluetooth Testing Solution 389 Figure 3-122 Q3 AlcoHAWK® One Test 390 Figure 3-123 Q3 AlcoHAWK® Slim Breathalyzer 391 Figure 3-124 Q3 AlcoHAWK®CA2010 Breathalyzer 392 Figure 3-125 Q3 AlcoHAWK® PRO Breathalyzer 393 Figure 3-126 Q3 AlcoHAWK® PT500 Breathalyzer 394 Figure 3-127 Tokyoflash Watch Breatholyzer 400 Figure 3-128 Ladybug Teknologies BAQ Tracker Breathalyzer 403 Figure 3-129 Alcolock DRIVESAFE 407 Table 3-130 OmegaPoint Systems BreathKey Benefits 408 Table 4-1 Technologies Used To Test A Breath Sample For Alcohol 490 Table 4-2 Types of FDA-Cleared Breath Tests 496 Figure 4-3 Fundamental Principle Of Breath Analysis 505 Figure 4-4 Breath Analysis Gets Information From the Lungs 506 Figure 4-5 Alcovisor Mark-X Fuel Cell Alcohol Breathalyzer 509 Figure 4-6 Lion Fuel Cell Technology 511 Figure 4-7 Lion Intoxilyzer® Operates On The Principle Of Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy For The Analysis Of The Breath Specimen 512 Figure 5-1 Alcolizer Testsing 528 Figure 5-2 Dräger Interlockâ„¢ 7000 538 Figure 5-3 Drager Regional Presence 539 Figure 5-4 Lifeloc Breath Analyzer Instruments 555 Table 5-5 MPD / Lion Target Markets 559 Table 5-6 National Patent Analytic Systems (NPAS) DMT Family Of Products Strengths: 562 Figure 5-7 Quest Diagnostics Positioning 568 Table 5-8 Quest Diagnostics Urine Testing Program Positioning 569 Figure 5-9 Small Percentage Of Lab Test Costs Guides Most Healthcare Decisions 584 Table 5-10 TestCountry Associations and Services 587 Table 5-11 Tokyoflash Design Studio Concept Touch Screen LCD Watch Designs 589
Speak to the report author to design an exclusive study to serve your research needs.
Your personal and confidential information is safe and secure.
