Commercial Flooring Market Analysis By Product (Soft Coverings, Resilient Flooring, Non-Resilient Flooring, Seamless Flooring, Wood & Laminates), By Application (Healthcare, Education, Leisure & Hospitality, Retail, Commercial Offices, Public Buildings) And Segment Forecasts To 2020

Published: May, 2015 | Pages: 78 | Publisher: Grand View Research
Industry: Construction | Report Format: Electronic (PDF)

The global commercial flooring market is expected to reach USD 166.63 billion by 2020. Technological advancements have led to the development of new innovative products and hassle-free installation techniques, which has considerably widened the scope across residential, commercial and industrial flooring applications. Increasing demand in the construction industry is expected to be the key driving force for the market over the next six years. Development and use of eco-friendly flooring materials such as Polyester (P.E.T) Berber, linoleum, cork, reclaimed hardwood, bamboo, glass, and rubber is expected to positively impact the commercial flooring market.

Raw material costs have had a significant impact on the commercial flooring industry. Along with the issue of transportation cost, manufacturers have to deal with increasing fossil fuels prices as a result of which their margins have shrunk to a large extent. Carpet and resilient flooring are largely derived from fossil fuels. However, the price rise of fossil fuels has considerably driven technological developments to enhance efficiency.

Further key findings from the study suggest:

The resilient category is poised for high growth over the next six years. Vinyl sheets goods are predominantly used in education and healthcare, with the latter accounting for substantial quantity usage of homogeneous sheet in clinical settings. Luxury vinyl tiles (LVT) have made swift penetration in all application sectors. LVT has increasingly replaced vinyl composite tiles (VCT) in back office applications, break rooms, corridors and cafeterias.
Carpets' penetration into the commercial flooring sector is higher than that in the residential sector. Although residential carpet primarily comprises broadloom, carpet tiles have made inroads into the commercial sector. Porcelain comprises a majority of the ceramic commercial flooring market owing to its inherent characteristics such as stain resistance and high temperature tolerance. Laminate and hardwood are used in niche commercial flooring applications.
Commercial offices accounted for a substantial market share in 2013, with significant demand originating from both, owner-occupied spaces and tenant improvement. Healthcare is expected to exhibit high growth potential throughout the forecast period with high demand anticipated from medical office buildings, acute care, and senior living categories. Considerable remodeling activity, particularly in higher-end retail stores is expected to play a pivotal role in high commercial flooring demand from the retail sector.
Asia Pacific captured a sizable amount of the commercial flooring market in 2013, which can be primarily attributed to growing infrastructure facilities and rapid urbanization in the region. Steady demand from education and healthcare sectors supplementing increasing demand from the corporate section has driven the North American commercial flooring market.
Key commercial flooring market players such as Armstrong, Forbo, Mohawk, Nora, and Interface Global are constantly evolving and innovating in a bid to maintain competitiveness. Manufacturers have emphasized on developing display and distribution systems to aid consumers in choosing the appropriate product.
For the purpose of this study, Grand View Research has segmented the global commercial flooring market on the basis of product, application, and region:

Commercial Flooring Product Outlook (Volume, Billion Square Feet & Revenue, USD Billion; 2012 - 2020)

Soft Coverings
Resilient Flooring
Non-Resilient Flooring
Seamless Flooring
Wood & Laminates
Commercial Flooring Application Outlook (Volume, Billion Square Feet & Revenue, USD Billion; 2012 - 2020)

Healthcare
Education
Leisure & Hospitality
Retail
Commercial Offices
Public Buildings
Commercial Flooring Regional Outlook (Volume, Billion Square Feet & Revenue, USD Billion; 2012 - 2020)

North America
Europe
Asia Pacific
Latin America
Middle East & Africa

 Table of Contents


Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope 
               1.1. Research Methodology 
               1.2. Research Scope & Assumption 
               1.3. List of Data Sources 
Chapter 2. Executive Summary
               2.1. Commercial Flooring - Industry Summary and Critical Success Factors (CSFs)
Chapter 3. Commercial Flooring Industry Outlook
               3.1. Market Segmentation
               3.2. Market Size and Growth Prospects
               3.3. Commercial flooring Value Chain Analysis
               3.4. Commercial flooring Market Dynamics
                  3.4.1. Market Driver Analysis
                     3.4.1.1. Innovative solutions in construction (durability and low maintenance)
                     3.4.1.2. Changing lifestyles
                     3.4.1.3. Growing demand for insulation
                  3.4.2. Market Restraint Analysis
                     3.4.2.1. Lack of awareness
                     3.4.2.2. Environmental concerns
               3.5. Key Opportunities Prioritized
               3.6. Industry Analysis - Porter's
               3.7. Commercial flooring - Key company analysis, 2013
               3.8. Commercial flooring Market PESTEL Analysis, 2013
Chapter 4. Commercial Flooring Product Outlook
               4.1. Soft Coverings
                  4.1.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
               4.2. Resilient Flooring
                  4.2.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
               4.3. Non-Resilient Flooring
                  4.3.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
               4.4. Seamless Flooring
                  4.4.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
               4.5. Wood & Laminates 
                  4.5.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
Chapter 5. Commercial Flooring Application Segment Outlook
               5.1. Healthcare
                  5.1.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
               5.2. Education
                  5.2.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
               5.3. Leisure & Hospitality
                  5.3.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
               5.4. Retail
                  5.4.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
               5.5. Commercial Offices
                  5.5.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
               5.6. Public Buildings
                  5.6.1. Global market estimates and forecasts, 2012 - 2020
Chapter 6. Commercial Flooring Regional Outlook 
               6.1. North America
                  6.1.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                  6.1.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
                  6.1.3. U.S.
                     6.1.3.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                     6.1.3.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
                  6.1.4. Canada
                     6.1.4.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                     6.1.4.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
               6.2. Europe
                  6.2.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                  6.2.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
                  6.2.3. Germany
                     6.2.3.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                     6.2.3.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
                  6.2.4. UK
                     6.2.4.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                     6.2.4.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
               6.3. Asia Pacific
                  6.3.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                  6.3.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020 
                  6.3.3. India
                     6.3.3.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                     6.3.3.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
                  6.3.4. China
                     6.3.4.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                     6.3.4.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
                  6.3.5. Japan
                     6.3.5.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                     6.3.5.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
                  6.4. Latin America
                     6.4.1.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                     6.4.1.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
                  6.5. Middle East & Africa
                     6.5.1. Commercial flooring market by product, 2012 - 2020
                     6.5.2. Commercial flooring market by application, 2012 - 2020
Chapter 7. Competitive Landscape 
              7.1. Amtico
                 7.1.1. Company Overview
                 7.1.2. Financial Performance
                 7.1.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.1.4. Strategic Initiatives
              7.2. Armstrong
                 7.2.1. Company Overview
                 7.2.2. Financial Performance
                 7.2.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.2.4. Strategic Initiatives
              7.3. Changzhou Liberty Diseno New Material Co., Ltd. (CNBM)
                 7.3.1. Company Overview
                 7.3.2. Financial Performance
                 7.3.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.3.4. Strategic Initiatives
              7.4. Congoleum
                 7.4.1. Company Overview
                 7.4.2. Financial Performance
                 7.4.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.4.4. Strategic Initiatives
              7.5. Flowcrete (RPM)
                 7.5.1. Company Overview
                 7.5.2. Financial Performance
                 7.5.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.5.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.6. Forbo
                 7.6.1. Company Overview
                 7.6.2. Financial Performance
                 7.6.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.6.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.7. Gerflor
                 7.7.1. Company Overview
                 7.7.2. Financial Performance
                 7.7.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.7.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.8. Hanwa
                 7.8.1. Company Overview
                 7.8.2. Financial Performance
                 7.8.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.8.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.9. Interface Global
                 7.9.1. Company Overview
                 7.9.2. Financial Performance
                 7.9.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.9.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.10. IVC Group
                 7.10.1. Company Overview
                 7.10.2. Financial Performance
                 7.10.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.10.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.11. James Halstead
                 7.11.1. Company Overview
                 7.11.2. Financial Performance
                 7.11.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.11.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.12. LG Hausys
                 7.12.1. Company Overview
                 7.12.2. Financial Performance
                 7.12.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.12.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.13. Mannington Mills Inc.
                 7.13.1. Company Overview
                 7.13.2. Financial Performance
                 7.13.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.13.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.14. Milliken
                 7.14.1. Company Overview
                 7.14.2. Financial Performance
                 7.14.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.14.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.15. Mohawk Flooring
                 7.15.1. Company Overview
                 7.15.2. Financial Performance
                 7.15.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.15.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.16. Nora
                 7.16.1. Company Overview
                 7.16.2. Financial Performance
                 7.16.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.16.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.17. Novalis
                 7.17.1. Company Overview
                 7.17.2. Financial Performance
                 7.17.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.17.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.18. Nox Corporation
                 7.18.1. Company Overview
                 7.18.2. Financial Performance
                 7.18.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.18.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.19. Pergo
                 7.19.1. Company Overview
                 7.19.2. Financial Performance
                 7.19.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.19.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.20. Polyflor
                 7.20.1. Company Overview
                 7.20.2. Financial Performance
                 7.20.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.20.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.21. Shanghai Da Julong
                 7.21.1. Company Overview
                 7.21.2. Financial Performance
                 7.21.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.21.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.22. Shaw Floors
                 7.22.1. Company Overview
                 7.22.2. Financial Performance
                 7.22.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.22.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.23. Tajima
                 7.23.1. Company Overview
                 7.23.2. Financial Performance
                 7.23.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.23.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.24. Tkflor
                 7.24.1. Company Overview
                 7.24.2. Financial Performance
                 7.24.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.24.4. Strategic Initiatives
               7.25. Toli
                 7.25.1. Company Overview
                 7.25.2. Financial Performance
                 7.25.3. Product Benchmarking
                 7.25.4. Strategic Initiatives


List of Tables

TABLE 1 Global commercial flooring market, (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 2 Global commercial flooring market volume by region, (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 3 Global commercial flooring market revenue by region, (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 4 Global commercial flooring market volume by product, (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 5 Global commercial flooring market revenue by product, (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 6 Global commercial flooring market volume by application, (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 7 Global commercial flooring market revenue by application, (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 8 Commercial flooring - Key market driver impact 
TABLE 9 Commercial flooring - Key market restraint impact 
TABLE 10 Key commercial flooring manufacturers, 2013 
TABLE 11 Global soft coverings market demand (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 12 Global soft coverings demand by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 13 Global soft coverings demand by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 14 Global resilient commercial flooring market demand (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 15 Global resilient commercial flooring demand by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 16 Global resilient commercial flooring demand by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 17 Global non-resilient commercial flooring market demand (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 18 Global non-resilient commercial flooring demand by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 19 Global non-resilient commercial flooring demand by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 20 Global seamless commercial flooring market demand (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 21 Global seamless commercial flooring demand by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 22 Global seamless commercial flooring demand by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 21 Global wood & laminates commercial flooring market demand (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 22 Global wood & laminates commercial flooring demand by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 23 Global wood & laminates commercial flooring demand by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 24 Global commercial flooring demand in healthcare (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 25 Global commercial flooring demand in healthcare by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 26 Global commercial flooring demand in healthcare by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 27 Global commercial flooring demand in education (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 28 Global commercial flooring demand in education by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 29 Global commercial flooring demand in education by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 30 Global commercial flooring demand in leisure & hospitality (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 31 Global commercial flooring demand in leisure & hospitality by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 32 Global commercial flooring demand in leisure & hospitality by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020
TABLE 33 Global commercial flooring demand in retail (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 34 Global commercial flooring demand in retail by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 35 Global commercial flooring demand in retail by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 36 Global commercial flooring demand in commercial offices (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 37 Global commercial flooring demand in commercial offices by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 38 Global commercial flooring demand in commercial offices by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 39 Global commercial flooring demand in public buildings (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 40 Global commercial flooring demand in public buildings by region (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 40 Global commercial flooring demand in public buildings by region (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 41 North America commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 42 North America commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 43 North America commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 44 North America commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 45 U.S. commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 46 U.S. commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 47 U.S. commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 48 U.S. commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 49 Canada commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 50 Canada commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 51 Canada commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 52 Canada commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 53 Europe commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 54 Europe commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 55 Europe commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 56 Europe commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 57 Germany commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 58 Germany commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 59 Germany commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 60 Germany commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 61 UK commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 62 UK commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 63 UK commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 64 UK commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 65 Asia Pacific commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 66 Asia Pacific commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 67 Asia Pacific commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 68 Asia Pacific commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 69 India commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 70 India commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 71 India commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 72 India commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 73 China commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 74 China commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 75 China commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 76 China commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 77 Japan commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 78 Japan commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 79 Japan commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 80 Japan commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 81 Latin America commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 82 Latin America commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 83 Latin America commercial flooring market by application (Billion square feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 84 Latin America commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 85 MEA commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 86 MEA commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 87 MEA commercial flooring market by application (Billion square feet), 2012 - 2020 
TABLE 88 MEA commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020


List of Figures

FIG. 1 Commercial flooring market segmentation 
FIG. 2 Global commercial flooring market, (Billion Square Feet, USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 3 Commercial flooring value chain analysis 
FIG. 4 Commercial flooring market dynamics 
FIG. 5 Key Opportunities - Prioritized 
FIG. 6 Commercial flooring - Porter's Analysis 
FIG. 7 Commercial flooring - PESTEL Analysis 
FIG. 8 Commercial flooring market volume share by product, 2013 & 2020 
FIG. 9 Global soft coverings demand (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 10 Global resilient flooring demand (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 11 Global non-resilient flooring demand (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 12 Global seamless flooring demand (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 13 Global wood & laminates flooring demand (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 14 Commercial flooring market volume share by application, 2013 & 2020 
FIG. 15 Global commercial flooring demand in healthcare (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 16 Global commercial flooring demand in education (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 17 Global commercial flooring demand in leisure & hospitality (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020
FIG. 18 Global commercial flooring demand in retail (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 19 Global commercial flooring demand in commercial offices (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 20 Global commercial flooring demand in public buildings (Volume & Revenue), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 21 Commercial flooring market volume share by region, 2013 & 2020 
FIG. 22 North America commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 23 North America commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 24 North America commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 25 North America commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 26 Europe commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 27 Europe commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 28 Europe commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 29 Europe commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 30 Asia Pacific commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 39 Asia Pacific commercial commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 31 Asia Pacific commercial commercial flooring market by application (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 32 Asia Pacific commercial commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 33 Latin America commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 34 Latin America commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 35 Latin America commercial flooring market by application (Billion square feet), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 36 Latin America commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 37 MEA commercial flooring market by product (Billion Square Feet), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 38 MEA commercial flooring market by product (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 39 MEA commercial flooring market by application (Billion square feet), 2012 - 2020 
FIG. 40 MEA commercial flooring market by application (USD Billion), 2012 - 2020